Liminerale: lebitso la. Mefuta eohle ea liminerale (photo photo photo photo)

Nature fana motho monyetla oa ho thabela melemo e hlahisoang ke eona. Ka lebaka leo, batho ba phelang phutholohile haholo le na le sohle seo u hlokang. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, metsi, letsoai, tšepe, mafura, motlakase 'me ba bangata ho feta - tsohle ba bōptjoa ka tsela ea tlhaho le e ile ea fetoloa sebōpeho powrotu bakeng sa motho.

E tšoanang e sebetsa ho sebopeho sa lihlahisoa tse kang liminerale. Tsena tse ngata dibopeho fapaneng kristale ke ea bohlokoa e tala lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa palo e khōlō ea mefuta e fapaneng ya e hlophisitsweng, liindasteri tsa mosebetsi ya moruo ya batho. Ka hona, re nahana ka, seo ke mefuta eohle ea le liminerale le hore ka kakaretso emela metsoako tsena.

Liminerale: litšobotsi tse akaretsang

Ka kutloisiso e tloaelehileng ka diminerale, poleloana e reng "matsoai" e bolela o tiileng itlhakotse likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale le ho etsa hore a 'maloa a batho ka bomong thepa physico-lik'hemik'hale. Ho phaella moo, e le etselitse hore ba lokela ho feela ba le tsela ea tlhaho, le tlas'a tšusumetso ea dithulaganyo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa tlhaho.

Liminerale le ka etsoa ka ntho e bonolo (nuggets) bile li rarahane. Tsela ea sebopeho bona boetse ho na le e fapaneng. Ho na le e hlophisitsweng, e tlatsetsang ho sebopeho bona:

• igneous;
• hydrothermal;
• sedimentary;
• metamorphogenic;
• biogenic.

aggregates kgolo ya le liminerale, bokella ka tsamaiso ea se nang molekane, e bitswang majoe. Ka lebaka leo, ho ferekanya bopa dikgopolo tsa tsena tse peli ha baa lokela ho ba joalo. liminerale meepo ba ntšitsoeng ka sithabetsa e le sebetsana likotoana eohle ea majoe.

The lik'hemik'hale ea metsoako ka potso e ka ba e fapaneng le di na le dipegelo palo e khōlō ea silafatse dintho fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le kamehla ntho e le nngwe hore ho laola ho hlophisoa. Ka hona, ke ke ea makhaola-khang, 'me litšila li sa e nahana.

Mohaho oa liminerale le

liminerale Sebopeho - bonaletsang. Ho na le le dikgetho tse mmalwa ho dikeriting hore e ka se li emetseng:

• dikhubu;
• hexagonal;
• rhombic;
• tetragonal;
• monoclinic;
• trigonal;
• triclinic.

metsoako tsena di classified ho ea ka lik'hemik'hale tsa analyte ena.

Mefuta e meng ea liminerale

Ho eo e ka bolela ea tlhophiso latelang, e bontša sebōpeho motheo ea matsoai ka.

1. Letsoalloa kapa e bonolo dintho. E boetse e le liminerale. Mehlala e kenyeletsa: khauta, tšepe, carbon ka mokgwa wa daemane, mashala, anthracite, sebabole, silevera, selenium, cobalt, koporo, arsenic, bismuth le ba bang ba bangata.
2. Halides, tse akarelletsang chloride, fluorides, bromides. Sena liminerale, mehlala ea tse tsebahalang ho mong le e mong: letsoai lefika (sodium chloride) kapa halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides le hydroxides. Thehoa ke oxides tšepe le batho bao e seng tšepe, i.e. komponeng e le oksijene. Ka sehlopha sena ho na le liminerale, bao mabitso - chalcedony, corundum (rubi, safire), magnetite, quartz, hematite, rutile, le kassematit tse ling.
4. Nitrates. Mehlala: The potassium le sodium nitrate.
5. Borat: Optical calcite, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - letsoai ea acid e le k'habone. matsoai sena, bao mabitso ke tse latelang: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, a lejoe la mokoetla, tjhoko, 'mabole le ba bang.
7. Sulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates - letsoai kaofela acid le ngollana eo theha dibopeho tse sa tšoaneng liminerale. Mabitso a - nepheline, apatite le ba bang.
9. Silicates. The letsoai ea acid e silicic, le sehlopha e entsoeng ka Sio _4. Mehlala ea liminerale tse joalo: Beryl, feldspar, topaze, Garnet, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, zhadein, lapis lazuli le ba bang.

, Ho phaella ho lihlopha ka holimo a bolela, hape kopana komponeng manyolo eaba ba etsa kaofela tsa tlhaho mobung. Mohlala, peat, mashala, urkit, k'halsiamo oxalate, tšepe le ba bang. Hammoho le tse seng kae carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

likarolo Native

Tsena ke liminerale (lifoto ka bonoa ka tlase), tse thehoa ka ho dintho bonolo. Mohlala:

• khauta ka sebōpeho sa lehlabathe le nuggets, likotoana;
• taemane le graphite - bonaletsang allotropic phetolo ea k'habone lekhoakhoa;
• koporo;
• silevera;
• tšepe;
• sebabole;
• tšepe polatinamo sehlopha.

Hangata e dintho tsena li fumanoa aggregations kgolo le liminerale tse ling, likotoana tsa mafika 'me a tšepe. Tlhahiso le ho sebelisa ha bona ho indasteri e ke ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa batho. Ba - motheong, lihlahisoa tse tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea thepa e, e leng o ile hlahiswa mefuta e fapaneng ya lintho tse ka tlung, moralo, mokhabiso, thepa le ho e le on.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

sehlopha sena se akarelletsa majoe le liminerale, eo ba haholo-holo exogenous hlahang ho yona, hore e fumanoa le dikarolo e ka ntle ea karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše. Ka hare ba thehoa phosphates feela. Letsoai la phosphorous, arsenic le asiti vanadium ha e le hantle haholo haholo. Leha ho le joalo, haeba re nahana ka setšoantšong se seholo, e leng karolo e akaretsang ea bona ka dikahare tse nyenyane makhapetla.

Ho na le lithollo tse 'maloa atileng ka ho fetisisa eo ho matleng a sehlopha sena:

• apatite;
• vivianite;
• lindackerite;
• Rosen;
• carnotite;
• paskoit.

Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, liminerale tsena theha mafika boholo tsotehang haholo.

Oxides le hydroxides

Sehlopheng sena se akarelletsa oxides tsohle matsoai, le le bonolo le le rarahaneng tse thehoa tsa tšepe, tseo e seng tsa tšepe, metsoako intermetallic, 'me likarolo phetohong eo. The Peresente kakaretso ea lintho tsena ka karolong e ka holimo ea - 5%. Kantle feela amana silicates, ha sehlopha se ka eona, - ka silicon e na oxide e Sio ₂ le tsohle tsa mefuta e sa tsoaneng ea eona.

E mong a ka qotsa mehlala e mengata ea liminerale joalo, empa o bolela ho atileng ka ho fetisisa:

1. Morema.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Colombia.
6. Spinel.
7. Kalaka.
8. Gibbs.
9. Romaneche.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (rubi, safire).
12. Bauxite.

carbonates

sehlopha sena sa oa liminerale le akarelletsa ho ba setho lona le leholo ka ho lekaneng tse fapa-fapaneng ka baemedi, tseo le tsona li na le bohlokoa bo sebetsang bohlokoa bakeng sa batho. Ho joalo, ho na le tsena tse latelang-potlana litlelase kapa lihlopha:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• aragonite;
• malachite;
• soda liminerale;
• bastnesite.

E mong le e sehlopha sa akarelletsa ho ka botho lona ho tloha e seng mekae ho ba mashome a Baemeli. Ho na le ka bang lekholo carbonates tse fapa-fapaneng matsoai. The o tloaelehileng haholo oa ho bona:

• mabole;
• lejoe la mokoetla;
• malachite;
• apatite;
• siderite;
• smithsonite;
• magnesite;
• carbonate le ba bang.

Ba bang ba ananeloa ka lintho tse bonahalang tloaelehileng haholo 'me habohlokoa le ho haha, ha ba bang ba li sebelisetsoa ho etsa ho roala mabenyane a,' me ba bang ba ile a sebelisa ka tsebo. Leha ho le joalo, kaofela ke tsa bohlokoa, 'me o fana ka tlhahiso ea bona e ba le mafolo-folo haholo.

silicates

Ka ho fetisisa tse sa tšoaneng ka mefuta Link 'me palo ea baemeli ba sehlopha sa liminerale. phetoho e joalo ke e loketseng ha e le hantle hore ka silicon liathomo sehloohong lik'hemik'hale sebopeho bona, ba ka khona ho o tlohang ho mefuta e fapaneng ya dibopeho, hokahanya pota ka boeona liathomo tse 'maloa oksijene. Ho joalo, e ka etsa mefuta e latelang ya dibopeho:

• e leng sehlekehleke;
• ketane;
• theipi;
• lakane.

Tsena liminerale, photo photo photo photo ea eo e ka bonoa sehloohong se, li tsejoa ho mong le e mong. Bonyane tse ling tsa tsona. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, tse kang tsena li kenyeletsa:

• topaze;
• liqhomane;
• chrysoprase;
• reketla kristale;
• Opal;
• chalcedony le ba bang.

Ba li sebelisoa mabenyane, bohlokoa ka moralo le matla bakeng sa ho sebelisoa tsebo.

E mong ka boela qotsa mohlala oa liminerale, eo mabitso ha tsebahala hore batho ba tloaelehileng, e sa amanang le diminerale, empa leha ho le joalo ke ba bohlokoa haholo ho indasteri e:

1. Datong.
2. Olivine.
3. Murman.
4. Hrizokol.
5. Eudialite.
6. Beryl.