Ke eng tsoane tlholeho: mohlala. Tlhaloso tsa ba tsoane tlholeho ya phelang: mehlala

E le e mong oa dikarolo tikoloho synecology hlahloba kamano e pakeng tsa batho ka bomong ea baahi ba mefuta e fapaneng le ho ikamahanya le maemo a bona ho maemo a tikoloho. Environmentalists fumana hore lintho tse bao e leng baahi phelang, amahanngoa le ho itseng hokahanyang tlhaloganya sebaka seo ba kopana le e mong e mong le likarolo tse ling tsa biosphere ho: metsi, mobu, sepakapaka.

sebaka sena e na le lebitso le ka lintho tse phelang tikolohong - tlholeho tsoane. The mehlala tšohliloeng sehloohong sena li reretsoe ho paka hore ke ntho ea tlhaho le leng le le mefuta e tsa likokoana-hloko, 'me ke lebaka la sebelisana le phelang le batho ba bang,' me lintlha tsa tikoloho.

Litšobotsi tlholeho ya mefuta e

Ntle le mokhelo, tsohle mefuta nakong phylogeny ba ikamahanya le maemo ho lintlha itseng abiotic. Ba fokotsa phelang sebakeng seo. Eo, ka kopanelo ea phelang sebelisana le maemo a tikoloho le ho nang le baahi ba bang, ho ke ke e characterization tlholeho, e le sehlooho sa e - tlholeho tsoane. Mehlala ea potoloho bophelo ba liphoofolo le hlaha ka libakeng tse fapaneng tlhaloganya sebaka le trophic biogeocoenose - lefehlo e amana le mofuta oa Arthropoda, Class Likokoanyana. Batho ba baholo - imago, ho libatana tse mafolofolo, ba tseba moea sekoahelo, ha a ntse a larvae bona - mollusk, ho hema le gills, ke lintho tse phelang metsing.

Litšobotsi tse sa tsoane tlholeho ya mefuta e

Mongoli oa mosebetsi oa khale "botlhokwa ee itshetlegileng thata tsa ecology naga e" Yu Odum qaptjoa lentsoe "tlholeho tsoane," eo a ileng ae sebelisa ho ithuta biotic likamano tsa baahi maemong ohle ea mokhatlo oa lona. Ho latela rasaense ba, boemo ba motho ka mong ka tlhaho, ke hore, boemo ba lona ea bohlokoa - sena tsoane tlholeho. mohlala e bontšang tlhaloso ena - ka kopanelo ea dimela, e bitsoang bopula-maliboho. Ba na le thepa e khethehileng ea bohloeki le ho limela, lumella ho habonolo hapa masimong free. Tsena ke Calamagrostis fatše, setulong se kang bethe joang, Mar Belaya. Ba theha biocenoses le ka sehloohong, e leng fetola ha nako e ntse. Odum bitsoa mele mofuta wa aterese ea hae, 'me le bokhoni ba ho phela setšoantšo - ho mosebetsi.

Model J. Hutchinson

Ha a bua hape le tlhaloso ea "tsoane tlholeho" lentsoe la. Mohlala oa tšoantšetso - tšoeu-gelada likhama, eo bophelo ba potoloho le amahanngoa le sebaka Understory - perennial shrub moferong. Ba sebeletsa e le phoofolo e sa feela e le mohloli oa lijo, empa hape o ile a sireletsa. Thehilwe Hutchinson ea mohlala hypervolume biogeocoenose sebakeng ke bophelo seleng ea tšehetso motho ka mong ea baahi. E phelang ka phela ka nako e telele, ho qoba ho ba le mabaka a fokotsa ea tikoloho. Ho etsa lipatlisiso rasaense tšoereng e le ka lebaka la ho bōptjoa ea mohlala thuto ea lipalo, fana ka maikutlo a ho meeli homolog la boteng ba baahi ba lintho tse phelang ka lintho tse phelang tikolohong.

Gause molao-motheo

Ho o boetse o bitsoa moea oa tlhōlisano kenngwe puso ea 'me le sebelisoa ho hlalosa mefuta e' meli ea ho loanela ho ba teng - har'a mefuta e sa ithutile lekholong la bo19 la lilemo ke Charles Darwin. Haeba palo ea baahi na le litlhoko tsa overlapping, tse kang trophic (ke hore, palo yohle botlaaseng lijo) kapa tlhaloganya sebaka (overlapping habitats - habitats) eo e itšetlehile ka palo ea tsona, ha a ntse a ho sebdisana boteng ba metseng ena e lekanyelitsoe. Sena ke lebaka qetellong ho ka etsa hore ho lelekoa (displacement tlase ikamahanya le maemo baahi) le phalliso tsa lintho tse phelang tse ngata melelanago le ka potlako proliferating ya mefuta e meng e.

Ka mohlala, mofuta o khethehileng oa Rat bohlooho butle-butle mahae baahi ba likhoto ntsho. Ba hona joale ba fokola ka palo 'me li fumaneha haufi le' mele metsi a mangata. Tharo entsprechen khethollang khopolo ea "tsoane tlholeho." mohlala e hlalosang polelo ena e nkoa ke re ka eena pejana, e leng: Mefuta Rat Gray ile ba lula hohle (tlhaloganya sebaka sebakeng), e omnivorous (seratsoana) le tsoma bobeli bosiu le motšehare (nako karohano mosebetsi).

Mohlala o mong, e leng se ba tsebahala ka puso ea kenngwe tlhōlisano: bajaki ba pele ba ile ba fihla Australia, o ile a tlisa baahi ba linotši European. Mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea la linotsi palo ea likokoanyana tsena 'nile ea eketseha ka tsela e hlollang,' me butle-butle ba nkela letsoalloa Australia notši e phelang ea tikoloho ea eona ka ho sa feleng, ho beha ea mofuta ona ka lintšing tsa ho fela.

A sebetsana le nyeoe tšoanang hlahile ka baahi ba mmutla ruuoang, imported ke discoverers o tšoanang oa ho lik'honthinenteng. The le lijo tse ngata, maemo a babatsehang a klimate le lebaka la ho hloka oa tlhōlisano o ne a bolela hore batho ba mefuta ena o ile a qala ho inkela naha ea tikoloho tse ling le baahi ba a atile ka bongata bo jwalo hore o ile a qala ho senya lijalo ya temo.

Beha mefuta e sa ka lintho tse phelang tikolohong ea

E tla tsoela pele ho araba potso e reng, eng ke tsoane tlholeho. Mohlala, ho fana ka karabo ho fetisisa e feletseng - ke habohlokoa boemo dimela tse khubelu clover. Sebaka oa ho aba lona - Europe, Afrika Leboea, Asia Bohareng. Baahi ba hola go gola ka botlalo a sa le makhulo ka toka le mongobo, ka thempereichara e ea +12 ... + 21 ° C. Ba theha joang perennial kapa mokatong moru le ke bahlahisi ba ketane lijo ka lintho tse phelang tikolohong.

Thuto ea tsoane tlholeho

Ho akarelletsa ho setšoantšo sa multidimensional sebaka karolo tikoloho e nang le itseng entsprechen lintlha abiotic le fana ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea sebelisana ba le baahi ka batho ba mefuta e meng e: .. Tlhōlisano, parasitism, commensalism jj The litšobotsi tse boletsoeng ka holimo biogeocoenose fana ka tlhaloso e feletseng ea tsoane tlholeho tsa ntho e phelang. Mehlala ea litšila a liphoofolo, bao e leng lelapa la litoeba (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) occupying libakeng tsa semidesert ikamahanya le maemo ho fluctuation hlabang ea bosiu le motšehare thempereichara e. Ja limela sparse, ba sebeletsa e le lijo tsa liphoofolo tse kholoanyane le linonyana: liphokojoe, lintsu, peregrine liphakoe, liphooko.

Homolog le sebaka ea sebele ea baahi ba teng

Hopola hore e behiloeng ea likamano tsa lintho tse phelang le batho ba baahi ba bang le ka maemo a tikoloho - sena tsoane tlholeho. Mohlala oa mobu libaktheria-saprotroph, fepa ka ka taba bafu manyolo le hloekisa naha, hammoho le ho ntlafatsa thepa lona agrochemical, tiisa sebopeho sa palo e khōlō ea likamano tsa biotic nang le baahi ba bang ba mobu: e larvae ea likokoanyana, semela metso, li-fungus. Ea bohlokoa mesebetsi ya libaktheria mobu itšetlehile ka mocheso le mongobo ea mobu, sebopeho lona physicochemical.

baahi ba bang - nitrifying libaktheria chemotroph - theha tsitsitseng biotic le puisano e nang le baahi ba dimela Leguminous lelapa: lesere peo vetch, lupines. Kaofela ha entsprechen tsena, maemo bobeli biotic le tikoloho, etsa ho hlokomela tlholeho tsoane ea libaktheria. Ke karolo ea le monyetla oa (motheo tsoane) biogeocoenose, e leng sete ya maemo homolog oo mefuta e ka teng ka ho sa feleng.

Melao hlokahala tšimo multidimensional plot tikoloho

Ha biogeocoenosis sehlōhō o ile a pepesa ho liketsahalo feteletseng abiotic kang mello, likhohola, litšisinyeho tsa lefatše kapa mesebetsi mpe ea batho, ba bang ba likarolo tsa eona e na le bolokolohi ba, e le hore ke bosula le bo sa pele ba ne ba lula mona baahi ea limela le liphoofolo. Ponahalo ea liforomo tse ncha bophelo - ho latellana - isang phetoho karolong eo ea biogeocoenose, eo lebitso la hae - tlholeho tsoane limela. Mehlala ea ho fedisa eona ka mor'a mollo a bontša hore ho fapana le moru sephara-leaved tla le 'ngoe kapa biennial herbaceous dimela le phahameng vegetative eneji ee: moluoane, malandro-setlama,' mè le stepmother, 'me batho ba bang, na le ho lokolla ba bang ba sebaka hang colonized ke baahi ba mefuta e mecha.

Ka pampiri ena, re ne re ithuta ka ho qaqileng le ntho e kang tsoane tlholeho tsa ntho e phelang. The mehlala nkoa ke re ho netefatsa hore ho ke ke e rarahaneng multidimensional ikamahanya le maemo bakeng sa maemo a homolog bophelo ba baahi ba ea limela le liphoofolo.