Craft - le ... Types of Crafts. Crafts setso

Ho hlaha ha sekepe oela qalong ea mesebetsi liindasteri motho. Ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo, e tsejoang rudiments ya mesebetsi sekepe.

Khopolo ea mesebetsi ea matsoho

Craft - ke mosebetsi liindasteri, e thehiloeng tlhahisong ea lintho liindasteri sebelisa tse nyenyane tsa mosebetsi o boima pukwanana, atileng pele ho ntshetsopele ya tlhahiso ea mochine 'me u boloke ka eona.

Monna ea e bile setsebi sa moetsi lintho bitsoa setsebi.

ke eng Folk Crafts

Crafts Folk ba bitsoa sepheo sa tse entsoeng ka thepa e tloaelehileng sephephechaneng le merero e bonolo. Folk Crafts fapane mosebetsi oa hae oa pōpo, lihlahisoa li se entsoeng ka matsoho a bona, 'me hangata ka ho fetisisa ho tloha thepa tlhaho kapa haufi le bona (lehong, lesela, tšepe, joalo-joalo). Mosebetsi ona o ne a generated tloha Crafts malapeng li ile tsa etsoa ha ho hlokahala lintho tse ka tlung. Joalokaha eka ke ka mesebetsi ea bonono, mesebetsi ea matsoho ba ba bile teng ba ho itšetlehile ka setso, bolumeli, 'me ka linako tse ling - maikutlo a lipolotiki.

histori sekepe

Craft e na le histori e telele ea ketsahalo e. baahi khale hangata e ba hoebisana le tse ruuoang, ho etsa thepa ea lintho tse majoe, masapo, letsopa, lehong, joalo-joalo Maiketsetso sekepe - ke tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa ho hlokahala bakeng sa ho lema. Libakeng tse ling, esita le kajeno mosebetsi ena ke ea bohlokoa.

Hamorao, batho ba ile ba qala ho etella pele ka tsela e ka rarolloa ea bophelo, ho ne ho mesebetsi ea matsoho. mesebetsi ea matsoho tse ngata ba ile ba sebetsa ka mabaka a moruo a marena a, litempele, matlong a baitlami le slaveholders (Boholo-holo Egepeta, ea boholo-holo Roma, ea boholo-holo Greece le linaheng tsa Mesopotamia). Qalong e artisan sebetsa a le mong, empa kaha e fana ka chelete e kenang e nyenyane, mong'a lona o ile a qala ho kopanela le sehlopha sa. lihlopha tsena li ne li bitsoa artels 'me a nka liodara ho tswa setjhaba. Tse ling tsa baetsi ba litšoantšo ba a tsoela ka litoropong le metseng, ha ba bang ba lula le ho sebetsa sebakeng se seng. Arts and Crafts ka odara e file phahama ho ho hlaha ha le ntshetsopele ea metse e le litsi tsa mesebetsi handicraft le khoebo. Ho fihlela letsatsing lena metseng ngata bolokoa mabitso seterata, a bontša ho sebaka sa mosebetsi oa mong'a ka. Mohlala, Sebōpi - ho ile ha hlophisoa hore ka tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka letsopa, Leather - lokisa letlalo, tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa letlalo, Repair ba lieta, setene - jereng litene.

Mehleng e Bohareng ho na le e ne e le mofuta o mong oa sekepe ea litsebi. Metseng e meholo, e sehlopha sa e ncha ea sechaba - sena botaki litoropo. The le makala a maholo ba motse sekepe ne :. The proizvodnje lintho entsoe ka tšepe, suknodelie, tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa khalase, joalo-joalo Urban wizate ena litokelo tse kang motse le letona, sekepe lebenkele, tokoloho mong.

Le qaleha ea phetoho e khōlō liindasteri , mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi ea matsoho e lahlehileng boeta-pele ba lona ka ho etsa thepa, le lifektheri a qala ho sebelisa mochine. Kajeno, botaki bolokiloe liindasteri hore ipatlela litlhoko ea botho ea bareki, 'me ka tlhahisong ea theko e phahameng dihlahiswa bonono (lieta, tailors, boramabenyane, baetsi ba litšoantšo,' me ba bang.).

Histori ea mesebetsi ea matsoho ntshetsopeleng e Russia

Ea baahi ba metse e Russia haholo e le oa botaki. Boholo ba bona ba ba ba kopanela betloa ha tlhahiso. Hamorao, ho tloha blacksmithing thehoa lipompo tsa metsi. lihlahisoa tsa eona ke ka batloang haholo Europe. Tlhahiso ea libetsa abelwa benghali bakeng sa tlhahiso ea liqha, lithunya, likhohlopo, joalo-joalo Lihlomo tsa botaki Serussia li ne li nkoa e le taelo ea boholo phahame ho feta ka Turkish, Syria le Setaliana.

Ho ea ka boitsebiso bo tsoang litaba, e sa 1382 Russia ho na le ne ho se lithunya. Lekholong la bo14 la lilemo ho theha foundry (lahla litloloko). Le tlhaselo Mongol tlhahiso ea kena ka fokotseha.

Jewellery Making sebeletsa litlhoko tsa ba phahameng sechabeng le. Bolokoa lihlahisoa (litšoantšo, mabanta khauta, dijana, buka bindings) paka hore botsebi phahameng tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho ho roala mabenyane a le tšimong ea fatiloeng, bonono betsa, betloa ha, tapa le selefouno. Lekholong la bo14 la lilemo o ile a qala minting lichelete tsa tšepe tse magosana 'maloa Russia hore thehoa khoebong ea chelete. Tse rekisoang le e mengata e fapaneng bareki ile balwa letlalo, shoemaking le letsopa. Clay etsa mefuta e fapaneng ya lijana, lintho tsa ho bapala le thepa ea ho haha. Ho phaella moo, ka ho Moscow le metseng e meng ho ile ha hahoa likereke tseo Lejoe (haholo-holo a lejoe tšoeu) le beha oache tora le ntoeng.

Mesebetsi ea baetsi ba litšoantšo ba li kentse letsoho ho ripitloa hlaphoheloa ka mor'a ho Tatar-Mongol hlaseloa. Crafts Russia li amme ba lokisetsa ho ea maemo a moruo ka ho bōptjoa ha Russia boemo gare wa.

Ho tloha ka 1917, palo ea botaki Russia akhetse sharply, ba ne ba kopane cooperative bahlahisi '. Empa hona joale Crafts Russia kenyeletsa 'maloa matjhabeng tummeng setso bonono le Crafts.

mefuta e fapaneng 'me mefuta eohle ea mesebetsi ea matsoho

Mefuta eohle ea mesebetsi ea matsoho ha thehoa ho tswa ho lintho tse bonahalang ho tswa ho tse ntho e entsoeng. Ka nako e telele batho ba tseba mosebetsi oa matsoho tse kang:

• Blacksmithing.
• Ho betla mapolanka.
• Ho loha.
• Letsopa.
• Joinery.
• Ho ohla.
• Ho roala mabenyane a.
• Ho baka.
• Tanning.

Blacksmithing

Blacksmithing - ke e 'ngoe ea lithuto pele hore li hlaha ka Russia. Batho ba 'nile lula ba ipotsa, ho shebella le mosebetsi oa ho setei sa. Ba ne ba sa utloisise hore na ho wizate bohlooho etsa joalo lintho tse hlollang tsa tšepe. lichaba tse ngata malala ba ne ba nkoa ka bang wizards.

Pejana ho moo smithing hlokahala tsebo e khethehileng le kokoano ho khethehileng a hlomelloa le a mangata lisebelisoa. Metal neng ba qhibilihisa tloha Bog manya, e leng e epilwe nakong ea selemo le hoetla. Old Russia Smith hlahiswa ho lihoai sickles, mehoma, mahare, le bakeng sa masole a - marumo, lisabole, lilepe le metsu. Ho phaella moo, u lokela ho lula ba ena le le di-blades ka polasing tlhapi lihakisi, linotlolo le liloko, linale, joalo-joalo

Kajeno, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e batla e fetohile le phethahetseng smithing, empa e ntse e le ka ho ya tlhokeho. Bonono betloa khabisa liofising, flats, matlo a naha, lirapeng tsa boikhathollo, lirapa tsa sechaba, ho ke ke haholo-holo ya tlhokeho ea moralo landschap.

ho roala mabenyane a sekepe

Jeweler oa sekepe - e mong oa khale ka ho fetisisa historing ea moloko oa batho. Entsoe ka khauta, silevera le majoe a bohlokoa bakeng sa nako e telele se nkoa e le pontšo ea ho matla le leruo la sehlopha sa le aristocratic. Morao ka 10 - 11 lilemo tse makholo boramabenyane ne e tsebahalang ka ho ba nang le talenta ba bona ka mose Europe. Batho ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo ke la fene bala ka hloko eaba ba ho roala mabenyane a. Lifaha li ne li entsoe ho tloha tšepe ea bohlokoa kapa khalase 'mala, merero e sa tšoaneng ho fanyeha (hangata liphoofolo tse), masale le silevera ea tempele eo ba emisitswe ho tloha roaloang hloohong, kapa lohiloeng ka moriri wa, masale, joalo-joalo kolts

Lekholong la bo18 la lilemo e ne e le heyday tsa Serussia mabenyane bonono. Feela ka nako ena, mosebetsi oa ba "khauta le silevera," e ile ea bitsoang "jeweler". Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo beng ba Russia a hlaha ka mokhoa oa bona, e le hore kajeno Russia mabenyane tse ikhethang. Ho qala mosebetsi oa lona e ile ea e tummeng khampani Grachev barab'eso, Ovchinnikov le Faberge.

Kajeno, palo ea baahi mabapi le katleho ea ho hōla ka ho eketsehileng hloka haholo mabenyane.

letsopa

E o tsejoa hore ho tloha lekholong la bo10 ho Russia hlahiswa letsopa. Sena se ne se etsoa ka letsoho, 'me ka ba bangata ba matsoho e motšehali. Ho eketsa matla a le durability tsa sehlahiswa le letsopa le tsoakane ka likhetla tse nyenyane tse, lehlabathe, quartz, morema, le ka linako tse ling dimela le letsopa shards.

Nakoana ka mor'a ho ne ho lebili le sebōpi, eo go tlhofofadiwa mosebetsi oa sebōpi. Selika-likoe sa fella ka motsamao oa letsoho la hao, 'me joale maoto a hae. Ka nako e tšoanang, le letsopa e-ba banna ba lebelelitsoe.

Industrial tekanyo letsopa fihla lekholong la bo18 la lilemo. St. Petersburg 'me hamorao Moscow, fektheri ceramic.

Beha dintho tse entsoeng ka libōpi morao-rao ntse li ratang. Kajeno letsopa - ya mosebetsi e tloaelehileng libakeng tse ngata tsa Russia, 'me ho hlokahala dihlahiswa ceramic tse entsoeng ka matsoho lula e eketseha.