The Litsebi tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa

Ka mor'a mong le e mong meralo mohaho ona o bohlokoa. Sena se ka seoelo a hopola esita le ha a ntse a etela tumme ka botle ba eona le ho originality tsa mehaho. Ho sa le joalo, tsebahalang Litsebi susumetsa ntshetsopele ya setso se ka tlase ho bangoli ba le baetsi ba litšoantšo. Ba monya mehopolo phaphametseng moeeng, 'me ba fa foromo tse bonahalang. mehaho bontša motheo oa ho mehla ea, feto-fetoha 'me a filosofi' muso o hlaheletseng, ke e tsoileng. Ka batho, ho fana ka bona ho lefatše, 'me li tla tšohloa mona ka tlase.

inspirer ba nang le tsusumetso

The Litsebi tumme haholo nakong e fetileng kwadiwa mabitso a bona, ho bōpa mohaho o hlollang, e tsebahalang bakeng sa botle le lilemo tse makholo hamorao. E mong oa bona - Giotto by Bondone. Mataliana pentiloeng le meralo ea ho haha, o ile a hlaha ka 1267. E ile ea e ba pula-maliboho ka bonono bonwang, ralile motheo oa sekolo Setaliana ea ho penta. Giotto frescoes le diaekhone khahloa Leonardo kithe Vinci le Michelangelo.

Ka linako tse ling a e tlotloa ka boqapi ba ea Chapel Lak Arena ka Padua, empa ha bafuputsi ba tsohle lumellana. Ho na le ha ho pelaelo hore hore Giotto bōpa murals hore khabisa kereke e khōlō. Ka sehloohong meralo le pōpo ea wizate - tšepe tora ea Santa Maria Lak Fiore, Cathedral Florence o. Giotto aa ka a phela ho tlatsa kaho - ka 1337, ha a e-shoa, e ile ea hahoa feela le litekanyetso pele la mohaho.

thinker moholo

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) hangata e tse Ntle Toropong ea lenane la "Litsebi hlokomelehang ea lefatše." The Setaliana tummeng e ne e le 'metli oa litsoantso, rafilosofi, moetsi oa litšoantšo le seroki. Har'a mesebetsi ea hae e meralo hlaha ho Medici matlo a thapelo, Laurentian Library, kene lekokong la kereke ea St. Lorenzo. Mosebetsing hae hahile Roma Palace ea basenate le Palace ea Conservatives. Tseleng eo a entseng mehaho ena Michelangelo a sebelisa taelo e khōlō, ka letsoho la hae khanya le joale ba kena ka tloaeleha. The meralo sebelitse ka moralo oa Cathedral e tummeng St. Peter o Roma. Kajeno Michelangelo nepo o bitsoa e mong oa beng ba moholo ka ho fetisisa historing ea moloko oa batho.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Litsebi tummeng oa Italy ha fella moo. Michelangelo nkoa e le mohlahlami oa Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). E ne e se feela setsebi sa meralo, empa hape le moseti le pentiloeng. Bernini khetholloa ka matla a ho kopanya mefuta eohle tse tharo tsa bonono, ho bōpa e bonwang sebaka le 'ngoe. Hammoho le Francesco Borromini le Pietro kithe Cortona, o ile a rala metheo ea ya mehaho Baroque.

E mong oa mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea Bernini - Square porojeke e ne Saint Petrose. Mathuleng a ka pel'a kereke e khōlō ea eona e tummeng - hape le brainchild tsa meralo ea ho haha. O ile a sebetsa ka mehaho ea lefatše le ea bolumeli. Ha o bopa Bernini qetela hangata ke sebelisa a patiloeng mehloli khanya ho ntlafatsa ka maikutlo a hlahisoang ke litšebeletso. Ke eena mongoli oa ba bangata ba lilibeng Roma, ntle le tse ho le thata ho nahana ka City sa Feleng.

Palladianets tsa Adams lesika

Joale fetisetsa sampole ho Scotland ea lekholong la lilemo la XVIII. Mona ka 1728 o ile a tsoaloa Robert Adam, e mong oa baemeli ba ea bohlokoa ea classicism British. O ne e le ea palladiantsev lesika, mathoasong a balateli ba classicism ka mehaho. Tlamme makgetheng setaele ne setshwani ka tieo le ho sebelisa canons, thehilwe nako ea mehleng ea khale.

Adam pōpo na le khethehileng amogelwang mongolo. Di tšoauoa ka lightness le bokhabane, khafetsa ketsahalo neogothic likarolo. Meralo qadile ho thoeng setaele Adama. O ile a khona ho kopana thepa ea motheo tsa motheo tsa classicism habonolo joalo, joalokaha eka ka nako e telele o ne a lula har'a mesebetsi e ea boholo-holo le ho tseba ho nahana bakeli lona.

E 'nile ea pholoha foromo ka eona qalong, tse seng kae feela meralo le e tsoileng sa Adama. Har'a bona ba poraefete ntlo Kedleston Hall haufi le toropo ea Derby. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho meralo sebelitse haholo-holo ka Edinburgh. Mosebetsing hae e ile ea hahoa mohaho ona o univesithing ea motse.

Famous Russia Litsebi

Le naheng ea heso, ka nako e tšoanang ba ile ba sebetsa Vasily Bazhenov. Architecture theorist, tichere le moetsi oa litšoantšo, o ile a rata classicism 'me a rala metheo ea pseudo Serussia. Bazhenov bōpa e itseng ho na le mehaho e tsotehang ka Moscow le St. Petersburg. E 'ngoe ea mehaho e tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ka ho motse-moholo oa kajeno - Pashkov House - hahiloe ho latela moralo oa hae. Ho fihlela letsatsing lena hoo e ka bang ne ke sa ho etsa e ea sebetsang ho Bazhenov.

A meralo ea pele ea St. Petersburg e ile ea Domenico Trezzini. O phefumolohang bophelo bo bocha ka mehaho Serussia, ba tlisa ka ho ea ka neano ea Europe. Trezzini ke mongoli ea palo e khōlō ea dibopeho hore bopa ponahalo le tlwaetsego ea St. Petersburg ho rona. Tsena li akarelletsa ho Summer Palace ea Peter e Moholo, Petrose le Pauluse ba Cathedral, leshome le metso e Colleges mohaho oo univesithi e teng kajeno.

St. Petersburg, ka lilemo tse fapaneng ba ile ba sebetsa le tummeng Russia Litsebi Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov, Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, Mihail Grigorevich Zemtsov le ba bang. A ho qetela a tsena e ne e le lithaka Trezzini. Zemtsov ile ea e-pele Russia meralo ea motse ka Neva. Har'a pōpo ea hae ea pele ea Baroque ke Kereke ea St. Simeone le Anna, e phorosela "Gold Mountain" ka Lower Peterhof Park, Anichkov Palace morero le ka ho feletseng ea tsosolosoa ka mor'a ho fetoha sebōpeho Cathedral mollo.

Union Litsebi

Tse ngata Litsebi ba hlaheletseng la Mesebetsi le USSR. Sebakeng sa rationalists e, e eteletsoeng pele ke Nikolai Ladovsky, loanela ho finyella itlhahlobisisa ka itseng ho laoleng le o hlophisitsoeng o ile constructivists neng a nahana hore oa aesthetization ka tshebediso bohlokoa. baemeli ba e ikhethang ea ea bobeli e ne e le Vecino bara ba motho. A letšoao bohlokoa ka sebōpeho sa Moscow setseng Mihail Vasilevich Posohin, pele e neng e meralo ea ka sehloohong oa motse-moholo, ho tloha 60 ho 80 lilemo. Thanks ho eena, a hlaha motseng Palace ea moseja, CMEA ho haha, lipapali rarahaneng "Liolimpiki" joalo-joalo.

initiators ya setaele

Home ea Litsebi tummeng tsa mehleng ea rōna li fapane le mesebetsi ea ho qetela eclectic. Haeba mokhoa oa limithara morao ea Renaissance le mehleng ea kajeno ho bona hore haholo bonolo, meaho kajeno hangata e kopanya likarolo ho tloha litaelo fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, eclecticism ne a sa tsoalloa ho lephaka e: e kenyelletsoa litšobotsi tsa mekhoa, tseo boholo ba tsona li ntshetswa pele ka tse lekholo tse fetileng.

E 'ngoe ea litaelo tse ratoang ka ho fetisisa mehaho - theknoloji e phahameng. Pula-maliboho ea setaele eo hangata e bitsoang Norman Foster (b. 1935) le "Bureau ea tse 'nè." O etselitsoeng boema-fofane ba Hong Kong, "Millennium" borokho le Gherkin London. Nakong ea kaho ea ho sebelisa ho qetela seo ho thoeng ke ho retina ntshetswa pele ke Russia meralo Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939), eo Foster, ke kenoa hae, o nahana ka litšoantšo tsa hae. Shukhov bōpa pele rona lipeipi oli naheng le refineries. Sebediswa ho bona bakeng sa kaho ea mehaho, tšepe letlooeng khetla mor'a nako e itseng ba e mong oa thepa ea motheo e ratang ka ho fetisisa tsa baemeli ba theknoloji e phahameng. Bureau Foster-etselitsoeng mohaho Russia: ho tsosolosa ea sehlekehlekeng sa New Holland, hona joale tlas'a kaho ea MIBC "Moscow-City".

Ka tsela e lumellanang le mofuta

Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho hi-theknoloji, ho tlotlisa boholo ba tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, ka mokhoa oa ho fana ka bio theknoloji ho bopa mehaho, ha tsekang ka tlhaho, 'me ho tsoela pele ho eona. Tse ngata tsebahalang Litsebi tsa kajeno o lefang sethabathaba ho khopolo ena. mothehi le e nkoa e le mokhoa oa ho ngola Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Boholo ba mesebetsi ea tummeng Spain meralo sebakeng Barcelona. mosebetsi oa hae - Güell Palace, Casa kaganaa, Casa Batllo - ke ke ha khoneha ho ferekanya le letho. Ba ne ba bonahala ba phela 'me rea sisinyeha. Ho bululeloa bakeng sa mong'a lona e ne e le lintho tsa tlhaho. Kahoo, e khethehileng fluidity tsa mehaho, ho haella ha mela otlolohileng, dibopeho e sa tloaelehang le litšoantšo. Mosebetsing hae e ntse e le emise Tempele ea Lelapa e Halalelang, ntle tšoanang le lehlabathe qhobosheaneng.

Takatso ea ho be le bonngoe le tlhaho - tšobotsi hore ba tsebahala ka diporojeke tsa Litsebi tummeng ba nkoa ba balateli ba Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). O nkoa e mong oa litšoantšo tsa ba nang le tšusumetso ka ho fetisisa mehaho e 'ngoe. Reith bōpa khopolo ea "mehaho phelang." Dikgopolo tse bohareng tsa khopolo eo e bile ho tšepahala le bonngoe le tlhaho ka. Meaho ke Wright, ke ntšetsa pele tikoloho ea tlhaho, ba ile ba ba tšoauoa ka e bulehileng-rala, ho sebelisa thepa tsa tlhaho, moralo makgetheng alima litempele ea boholo-holo Japanese.

Modernism le functionalism

Ha ho mokhabo-tlase bohlokoa ke Le Korbyuze (1887-1965). Pōpo le mesebetsi ea meralo French ile a fa lefatše mehaho modernist le functionalism. Meaho hahoa Le Korbyuze Hase ntho e thata ho ithuta. Di tšoauoa ka diyuniti volumetric, ba phahamisa ka holimo fatše, marulelo a bataletseng, terraces, ba ne ba nka elevations, seo ho thoeng ke mahala foromo. makgetheng tsena tsohle di ka potlako ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea mehaho ea kajeno.

Ya e le hantle, lethathamo ka holimo ha se tsohle tsebahalang Litsebi. The phetela pale ena ke nako e telele haholo, 'me lenane la ba lula ntlafalitsoeng. Litsebi tummeng ea nako eo re phelang ho, 'me hangata li senola pōpo ea beng ba nakong e fetileng, ka ho hloka toka hlokomolohuoa.