Silicon e le metsoako ea eona. Silicon e ka tlhaho. Tshebediso ya ka silicon

E mong oa ka ho fetisisa ratoa ho tsebo le indasteri ea metsoako e ka silicon. Hore e itseng ea kolotang thepa lona e sa tloaelehang. Kajeno ho na le ba bangata ba metsoako e fapaneng ya elements ena, a phethang karolo ea bohlokoa ka tswakana le popo ea lihlahisoa botekgeniki, glassware, khalase, thepa, thepa ea ho haha, ho roala mabenyane a le liindasteri tse ling.

Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa ka silicon

Ha re nahana ka boemo ba ka silicon tsamaisong ea nako le nako, ho ka etsahala hore a re:

1. IV e teng ka subgroups se ka sehloohong sa sehlopha seo.
2. A latellana joang nomoro 14.
3. Atomic boima 28,086.
4. Letšoao lik'hemik'hale Si.
5. Lebitso la - ka silicon, kapa Latin ka - silicium.
6. The elektroniki phetolo ya ka ntle lera 4e: 2e: 8e.

The kristale lekhoakhoa la ka silicon e tšoanang le ea daemane lekhoakhoa. The nodes ba lokisetsa liathomo, mofuta lona - sefahleho boithati dikhubu. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho bolelele e khōloanyane ea sa buisane senama tsa silicon e matla fapana thepa ea phetolo k'habone allotropic.

thepa 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale

Ho na le tse peli tse allotropic phetolo ya elements le: amorphous le kristale. Ba tšoana haholo. Leha ho le joalo, joalokaha ho le joalo le ka thepa e 'ngoe, phapang ka sehloohong pakeng tsa bona - e bonaletsang ka silicon lekhoakhoa.

Tabeng ena, ka bobeli liphetolelo - ka phofo ea mebala e fapaneng.

1. bonaletsang ka silicon ke benyang lefifi ea bohlooho phofo-joaloka tšepe. sebopeho lona tšoana le taemane, empa thepa a fapaneng. E na:

• fragility;
• tlaase thatafala;
• thepa semiconductor;
• The qhibiliha mocheso oa 1415 ⁰ C;
• segokanyipalo 2,33 g, / cm, ^3;
• le a phehile mocheso oa 2700 ⁰ C.

mosebetsi lona lik'hemik'hale e tlaase bapisoa le tse ling tse allotropic foromo.

2. Amorphous silicon e - sootho sootho phofo, o na le mohaho o silnorazuporyadochennogo taemane. Reactivity e phahameng ka ho lekaneng.

Ka kakaretso, re lokela ho hlokomela hore ba itšoara ka silicon rateng. Ho etsa hore ho itšoara joang, hlokahala mocheso seng ka tlase ho 400-500 ⁰ C. Various metsoako lik'hemik'hale li thehoa ea silicon e tlas'a maemo ana. Tse kang:

• oxides;
• halides;
• ipolaeang;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Mohlomong sebelisana ea silicon e le asiti nitric kapa a alkali, eo ho thoeng ke mohato o mananose. silicones atile, e leng hona joale a ho ba ho feta e tloaelehileng.

Ho ba ka tlhaho

Silicon e e ka tlhaho a fumanoa ka haholo chelete bohlokoa. Ho ka sebakeng sa bobeli ka mor'a ata oksijene. boima ba sona e le karoloana e nyenyane e ka bang 30%. Metsi a leoatle a boetse e na le karolo ea mafolofolo ea mahloriso ea 3 mg, / L. Ka lebaka leo, re ke ke ra bolela hore ka silicon tsa tlhaho - ke elements seoelo.

Ho fapana le hoo, ho na le tse ngata majoe a fapaneng le liminerale, e le karolo ea seo e le hlaha 'me ho tloha eo e ka ntšitsoeng. The atileng ka ho fetisisa metsoako tsa tlhaho silicon e na:

1. Silica. The lik'hemik'hale moralo Sio _2. Ho na le haholo tse sa tšoaneng mefuta ea le liminerale le mafika ka botlaaseng lona: lehlabathe, lejoe le thata, feldspar, quartz, lefika kristale, amethyst, chalcedony, carnelian, Opal, jaspere, 'me ba bang.
2. Silicates le silicates aluminium. Kaolin, feldspar, Mica, matsoai silicic acid e, asbestos, talc.

Kahoo, ho phatlalatsoa hohle linthong tsa tlhaho silicon e le metsoako lona tse ratoang le ho se ho hlokahala batho ba ho sebelisa bakeng sa merero ea botekgeniki.

Silicon e le metsoako lona

Ho tloha ka bo hloekileng ho nkoa hore teng elements ke ke hona, le be le bohlokwa e fapaneng ya metsoako ea eona. Ho tloha ntlha lik'hemik'hale maikutlo ho ka ba tharo ho kena moea boemo +2, +4, -4. Ba tsoela pele ho tloha ena, 'me le tsona ka lebaka la inertia bona, empa haholo-holo ka sebopeho bonaletsang lekhoakhoa, ho etsa chelete e latelang mefuta e ka sehloohong ea lintho tse:

• metsoako binary le-tšepe batho bao e seng (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, joalo-joalo;
• oxides;
• asiti silicic;
• tšepe silicates.

A re hlahlobeng kamoo ho leng bohlokoa ho silicon e le metsoako ea eona, ke atileng ka ho fetisisa le ratoa haholo bakeng sa batho.

oxides ka silicon

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea lintho tse bontšoang ka moralo wa:

• Sio;
• Sio _2.

Leha ho le joalo, ka ho fetisisa ho pharaletseng a sebelisa na dioxide. Ho teng linthong tsa tlhaho tse tlang e le e ntle haholo ea majoe seka-ea bohlokoa:

• agate;
• chalcedony;
• Opal;
• carnelian;
• jaspere;
• amethyst;
• rhinestone.

Tšebeliso ea silicon e foromo ena e fumanwa kopo ea eona e leng tlhahisong ea ho roala mabenyane a. Hoa makatsa hore ebe khauta e ntle le ho roala mabenyane, silevera e se entseng le semiprecious tsena le majoe semiprecious.

A le diphapano tse seng kae tsa silica ho:

• quartz;
• noka le quartz lehlabathe ;
• lejoe le thata;
• feldspars.

Tšebeliso ea silicon e ka mefuta e joalo sebediswa ho kaho, le boenjiniere, elektronike, indasteri lik'hemik'hale, metallurgy. Hammoho, oxides tse thathamisitsoeng bua ka ntho e le 'ngoe - silica.

Karbid Kremniya le ho e sebelisa

Silicon e le metsoako lona - e le lintho tse bonahalang tse sa nakong e tlang le ea hona joale. lintho tse bonahalang le leng le joalo ke ka silicon carbide kapa carbide tsa elements ea. The lik'hemik'hale moralo oa SiC. E hlaha ha lintho tsa tlhaho e le moissanite matsoai.

Foromo e hloekileng ea k'habone le silicon e motsoako - e ntle, e pepeneneng kristale, taemane-joaloka sebopeho. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa merero ea botekgeniki sebelisoa ho penta ka mmala lintho tse bonahalang tse tala le ba batsho.

Main litšobotsi tsa ntho e, e le hore ho e sebelisa ho indasteri, theknoloji, indasteri lik'hemik'hale, tse latelang:

• lohle lekhalo semiconductor;
• phahameng haholo matla (7 Mohs tekanyo e) ;
• manganga ho thempereichara e phahameng;
• elektroustoychivost babatsehang le mogote conductivity.

Sena sohle se o dumella ho sebelisa ka silicon carbide e le lintho tse bonahalang khorofo ka metallurgy le lik'hemik'hale tswakana. LEDs hape, e thehiloe hlahisa manyenyane lohle la bohato, likarolo ho sebōpi khalase, nozzles, lirumula, mabenyane (moissanite ananela FIANITE holimo).

Silane le bohlokoa tsa lona

Haedrojene silicon e komponeng e silane 'me lebitso la e ke ke ea fumanoa ka ho tswakana toba qalang thepa. Ho fumana tšepe tse sa tšoaneng silicides di a sebelisa, tse tlas'a kalafo acid e. Ka lebaka leo, le khase silane e lokolloa 'me e bopa e tšepe letsoai.

Hoa thahasellisa hore motsoako ka potso e-s'o ka hlahiswa mong. Kamehla ka itšoara joang ka motsoako oa mono-, di- le Trisilane oo liathomo silicon e ba amahanngoa hammoho ka liketane.

Ka thepa ea metsoako tsena - matla fokotsa mahlahana. Ba Itlhahisa ka tsela eo habonolo oxidized ke oksijene, ka linako tse ling explosively. Khaotsa ho ba Mabifi itsoara joang ka halogens kamehla le e ngata ho lokolloa matla.

Tshebediso ya silanes latelang:

1. Liphetoho tsa tswakana manyolo, ka lebaka la tseo ke habohlokoa hore u silicones - silicone, rabara, sealants, lubricants, emulsions le ba bang.
2. Microelectronics (LCD basekaseki, setshehetso sa botekgeniki litšoantšo, joalo-joalo).
3. Phahameng hloekileng polysilicon.
4. Meno prosthetics.

Kahoo, silanes lefatšeng morao-rao e phahameng.

Silicic acid e le silicates

Hydroxide tsa elements ea - ba silicas fapaneng. hlaheletseng:

• Meta;
• o Ho;
• polysilicon le acid tse ling.

Kaofela ha bona ba na le makgetha a ho tloaelehile hore batho ba - the imbalance feteletseng ka boemo free. Di habonolo bole ke mocheso. Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, ho na le-ba ea nakoana, ho retelehela pele hore e be Sol ebe e gel. Mora omisa, e baengele silica, mehaho e joalo ba bitsoang kateng. Di sebelisoa e le adsorbents ka filter.

Bohlokoa ho tloha maikutlo ea indasteri, ke matsoai ea acid silicic - silicates. Ba motheong oa lokisetsa ho ea dintho joalo, tse kang:

• khalase;
• ka konkreiti s;
• samente;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• porcelain;
• letsopa;
• kristale;
• letsopa.

A alkali tšepe silicates - qhibilihang ka har'a, tse ling kaofela - ha ho. Ka lebaka leo, sodium le potassium metaborate o bitsoa khalase ea metsi. Normal dibukeng sekgomaretsi - sena ke sodium letsoai ea acid e silicic.

Empa metsoako thahasellisa haholo ke kaofela ha khalase e tšoanang. Eo dikgetho feela ntho ena ke sa tsebe! Kajeno, fuoa 'mala, Optical, matte dikgetho. Glassware e makatsang ka bokhabane ba lona le fapane. Ha phaella ka ho re tšepe itseng le oxides nonmetal ho motsoako ka fumana mefuta e fapaneng ya mefuta e meng ea khalase. Ka linako tse ling esita le ea ho hlophisoa e tšoanang, empa diphesente e fapaneng ya dikarolo etsa hore phapang e ka thepa ea boleng bo le. Mehlala ke porcelain le letsopa, e le riteloang Sio ₂ * AL ₂ O ₃ * K ₂ O.

Quartz khalase - ke mofuta o mong oa ho hloka sekoli sehlahisoa se phahameng, eo ho hlophisoa o hlalosoa e le silica.

ka silicon e na metsoako sibolloa

Lilemong tse seng kae tse fetileng, lithuto tsa li bontšitse hore ka silicon le metsoako lona - e barupeluoa ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa profinseng tloaelehileng ea lintho tse phelang. C khaello kapa feteletseng tsa elements fanoeng amanang mafu a kang:

• bakeng sa kankere;
• lefuba;
• ramatiki;
• lera;
• lepera;
• letšollo;
• rheumatism;
• lefu la sebete le ho ba bang.

Botsofali dithulaganyo ho bona ka bobona ba boetse ba amana le dikahare ditirisanommogo ea silicon e. Liteko tse ngata tse ka liphoofolo tse anyesang li bontšitse hore ho hloka e elements le lefu la pelo, stroke, kankere le hepatitis C kokoana-hloko e butswe.