Seo se etsa lilekane a moruo teng? Lethathamo la lilekane machaba a moruo

mofuta ofe kapa ofe ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oo dinaheng o ile a lumela ho hokahanya khoebo ea bona 'me leano la chelete e le linaheng tse ling, o bitsoa ikopanya moruong. Ho hlakile hore ho na le tse ngata ho likhato tse sa tšoaneng tsa ikopanya.

• Khethehileng Trade Agreement (PTA). Tumellano PTA Mohlomong ka ho fetisisa mofuta o motheo ea ikopanya moruong. PTA, e le busa, phokotsong sisintsweng ho le ditefiso tsa mphato dihlopha itseng sehlahisoa.
• Sebakeng sa mahala kgwebo ya (FTA). E bōpiloe ka nyeoe eo moo sehlopha ea linaha felisa ditefiso har'a bona, empa e ntse e tsoela ka ditefiso Link ka naha ba tsoang linaheng tse ling. Mohlala oa e FTA ke NAFTA, e fana ka maikutlo a lefela le ditefiso tsa naha koloi pakeng tsa US le Mexico. Leha ho le joalo, linaha tse setho tseo e seng karolo ea NAFTA, ho na le tse ling tse sete le ditefiso tsa koloi naha ka Mexico.
• Meetlo Union. Ke ha sehlopha ea linaha felisa ditefiso pakeng tsa linaheng tsa habo bona, empa o ile a beha ditefiso tloaelehile hore batho ba ka naha ho tloha ba bang kaofela ea lefatše.
• A moruo bonngoe. Marakeng le 'ngoe e fana ka khoebo ea ka lebelo le molemo ka ho fetisisa, theha ho tloaelehile hore batho ditefiso Link har'a litho,' me hape ho tlisa melemo e itseng bakeng sa mokhatlo o se nang lichelete lipakeng tsa linaha. European Union o ne a bōpiloe e le e mong oa Selekane oa Roma ka 1975, 'marakeng ho tloaelehile hore batho
• A moruo bonngoe. dinaheng Union a moruo le tšekamelo ea ho tšehetsa mahala khoebo ea ka thepa, ho theha ho tloaelehile hore batho ditefiso Link har'a litho, hlalosa maemo a bakeng sa mokhatlo o se nang chelete motse-moholo. The Union o European leano tloaelehile temo (Cap) ke mohlala oa mofuta oa tšebelisano lichelete tsa sechaba e bontsha gore moruo.
• Ea chelete Union. Senotlolo sa ho ne ho bōptjoa ka chelete tloaelehile har'a sehlopha ea linaha ke bonngoeng ka chelete, e leng ho akarelletsa ho sebopeho sa matla ka sehloohong lichelete hore beha leano ka chelete bakeng sa sehlopha kaofela.

E le qalo ea tsela ea EurAsEC

Eurasian Union Economic - mokgatlo ea machaba e thehiloeng nyalano lebatowa ya moruo, 'me mekhatlo ea machaba. Sena se bolela hore ha a etsa liqeto tsa makala tsa lona (Lekhotla Eurasian Economic, Komisi ea Moruo le Lekhotla la Moruo) fetoha molao machaba.

Naha ea Soviet Eurasian (EurAsEC) koahela ba fetang limilione tse 20 ^km2 (15% ya sebakeng naha Lefatše), ka hare ho e commonwealthi ea baahi moahi ka chelete ea batho ba limilione tse 183.

Selekane ka Union Eurasian Economic lokisetsa tšebelisano ea mesebetsi ea temo, indasteri, matla; kakaretso bohloeki le botekgeniki litekanyetso tsa hae. Ka ho theha Selekane sa mekhatlo ya moruo e tla bopa 'marakeng le tloaelehileng la meriana ka 2016, de 2019 e lebeletsoe ho tlatsa sebopeho sa' marakeng eneji, le tse tloaelehileng, 'me ka 2025 | - marakeng oli, khase, le lihlahisoa tsa oli e tala.

History hopola mehlala ea kopanngoa ha makala tsa mekhatlo ea machaba a moruo ka lilekane tsa lipolotiki kapa esita le sesole, mohlala o motle oa sena ke Community Economic ea West States African. Ha nako e ngata e fetile thehoa feela ea a tsitsinkela hae e ile a khaotsa ho tloha ka diprotsekeng tsa khoebo ka tshebetso sesole ka ho meeli ea Selekane.

Botsoalleng ea lichaba ka pele-pele!

December 22, 2014 e ile tšoauoa ka phapanyetsano ya disebediswa tse baakanye ba le likamano tse ntle-boahelani le Selekane pakeng tsa Russia le Kazakhstan. Selekane ka Union Eurasian Economic ha hlakola tumellano fetileng ka tšebelisano-'moho moruo le lipolotiki saennweng pakeng tsa linaha tse peli ka 1992, ho fapana le hoo, ho complements le fetela le ho pharalla ha sebelisana le dumella ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha merero bobeli ka e tšoanang.

mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng e bulehetse boemo leha e le hore o ikemiselitse ho bolella ba maikemisetso le maemo e balletsweng ke tumellano pakeng tsa e bolela. Qetellong ea 2014 Soviet hape ikopanya le Armenia le Kyrgyzstan.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore Mopresidente Putin entse ketelo ea khoebo ho Uzbekistan, moo li ne li buisana ka maemo a ea ho busa le ho Eurasian Union. Sebui se ile sa Seboka Federal Russia o ile a re ditherisano ka kamohelo khoneha ea Tajikistan ho Union Eurasian Economic.

Sesosa sa ho EurAsEC Meetlo Union

EurAsEC Meetlo Union (cu) o ile a tla le phello e tletseng ho tloha ka January 2010 e le Union Meetlo ea Belarus, Kazakhstan le Russia, 'me hamorao a ikopanya le eena ho Armenia le Kyrgyzstan.

Meetlo Union Economic ho ile ha thehoa ka e le qalo ea e ya moruo bonngoeng lirephabliki pele e neng e le karolo ea Soviet Union. Kahoo, States Member tsoela pele tseleng ea ho ikopanya a moruo ka lebaka la ho tlosoa ha ditshita tse meetlo pakeng tsa bona. Qetellong ea 2014 ea Eurasian Union Economic e thehiloe koloi, e leng ke ho tloaelehile hore batho chelete sebakeng ho kgothaletsa ka ho eketsehileng ikopanya moruong.

TC EurAsEC setho e re: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia.

Litokomane saennweng ka 1995, 1999 le 2007., Sebeletsa ho laola le ho sireletsa litokelo tsa molao tsa Soviet Meetlo. The e Tloaelehileng Space Economic ikemiseditse ho laola tokomane ea ka 2007, o laola ho thehwa ha koloi ea pele, ea bobeli e - thuto ea hae.

le melao ea tsamaiso TC

Technical Melawana, kamohelo ea eo ke motheo bakeng sa kamohelo ho cu ho:

- National dithebolo lihlahisoa.

- Certificate ea Soviet Meetlo, o ile a ntša ho latela tokomane, e leng e fana ka lethathamo la lihlahisoa ho ya e tlamang ho lumellana tlhatlhobo. lengolo Sena ke e sebetsang linaheng tsohle tsa TC ena.

- The sekhahla kgolo ya ajoa Link le bobeli TC khoebo. E Tloaelehileng Meetlo Code e laoloa ke Komisi ea Eurasian Moruo le Lefapha la Lipalo-palo.

manyalo a moruo hangata e batla bohlokoa le ke diyantle feela thepa tseo tse molemo sebakeng se itseng a moruo. Mohlala oa sena ke koloi. lihlahisoa feela hore ba tšoanelehe e le "thepa ea koloi" ka bolokolohi imported / romeloa linaheng tse ling ka hara tšimo hlalosoa. Ho latela Temana ea 4 ea Meetlo Code, thepa ea ho fumana boemo joalo maemong a latelang:

- lihlahisoa ya hlahiswa ka meeli ea cu.

- Products, thepa ya hlahiswa bakeng sa tshebediso ya e ruuoang le tefello ya mesebetsi meetlo e balletsweng ke konteraka ya.

- lihlahisoa hore kopana le maemo a bobeli: o ile a ntša ho meeli ea cu ka morero oa ho tshebediso malapeng.

Products tse sa kopana le ka litekanyetso tsa TC thepa mabapi le tseo ha e so qosoa ka ditokomane bofe e le hore ho fumana hore na eang teng tsa koloi thepa, o tla feta ka mokhoa oa ba tloaelehileng mesebetsi meetlo ka ho meeli Meetlo Union.

Tse ling mekgatlo ya basebetsi Russia a moruo

- APEC. Tšebelisano Moruong (APEC) ho ile ha thehoa ka 1989 ho tlisa hammoho linaheng tsa sebakeng Asia-Pacific. APEC ke seboka sa dinaheng 21. Pakane ea sechaba se ka nako e telele ke ho thehoa ha limmaraka tsa lihlahisoa le lihlahisoa tse tala kantle Europe. Litsebi li lumela hore ho AETS ileng ba bōptjoa ka lebaka la moruo e hōlang ea tsoetseng Japane, le nang le matla a ho laola le Asia-Pacific sebakeng. Leha ho le joalo, ke habohlokoa hore re ee rulaganeng sentle Selekane haholo-holo ho re e ne e akarelletsa ho eona, ha e ntse e thusa hokahanya mesebetsi moruo lipakeng tsa linaha tse amanang.

- CIS. Sebelisana pakeng tsa ba bang ba linaheng tsa Soviet Union ea mehleng motheong oa tekano naha e thehiloe tumellano ea Selekane sa Ikemetseng States (CIS). Ka nako ena, ho CIS kenyeletsang dinaheng tse latelang: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan le Ukraine. tumellano ena e ne e saenwa ka 1991.

- BRICS. BRICS tlisa hammoho hlano moruo kgolo hlahella ea linaha tse latelang: Brazil, Russia, India, China le South Africa. Pele ho kenyelletsoa ha lintlha tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa South African bitsoang "BRIC." dinaheng tsohle hore ke karolo ea, ke moruo ka potlako.-hōla, ba le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ka liphetoho lebatowa le ea lefatše lohle.

Qetellong ea 2014 BRICS fana ka kgaso atoloswa ho batho ba limilione tse likete tse 3, e emelang 40% ea baahi ba lefatše.

Selekane e thehiloe a 2006 ka St. Petersburg mang forum sa basebeletsi ba moruo Brazil, Russia, India le Chaena. Seboka sa pele seo ho ile ha tšoaroa ka 2009 ka Yekaterinburg. Libokeng ba buisana le eena ka litaba tsa bolekane bobeli, mo alimang, tikoloho le ekolotsi.

Ha ba le tseleng, ba Maastricht Selekane

European Union Economic (EU) - ea moruo le lipolotiki federeshene, e bopilweng ka States mashome a mabeli e supileng Member hore na le leano la ho tloaelehile libakeng tse 'maloa. The EU o ne a bōpiloe ka 1993 le ho saenela ea selekane ka European Union, e leng e ka tloaelo ho thoeng ke la Maastricht Selekane. Leha ho le joalo, ena e ne e etelloa pele ke ho thehoa ha mekhatlo e 'maloa tsa Europe, ba kentse letsoho ho ntshetsopele ya EU.

E le karolo ea EU qalong e ne e ena 12 Setho States: Denmark, Jeremane, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, Fora, Spain le UK. Ka 1993, Lekhotla la Europe, seboka Copenhagen (Denmark), hlalosoa ka litekanyetso ka kamohelo ho EU. ditlhoko tsena, tse tsejoang e le ka litekanyetso le Copenhagen kenyeletsa lintho tsa motheo tse kang:

• demokrasi tsitsitseng hore hlompha litokelo tsa botho le taolo ea molao;
• sebetsa 'maraka oa tlhōlisano moruo;
• amohelana tsa ditlameho tsa botho, ho akarelletsa le molao EU.

Ntshetsopeleng ya EU ka mor'a 1993

EU ea eketseha ka makhetlo a 3 ho tloha thehoa feela lona. Ka 1995 o ne a ikopanya le litho 3 ntjha: Austria, Finland le Sweden. Ka 2004 e kena EU la litho tse 10 tse ncha, haholo-holo ho tswa ho bloc Union ea mehleng: Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia le Slovenia. Ka 2007, Romania le Bulgaria, e leng ne ke sa kopana ka litekanyetso le ho kena ka 2004 li ne li lumela 'me a amohela ka Union. Ka 2013 e phaella ka ho re ho lethathamo ka boemo ba Croatia.

E mong oa lipakane tsa ba EU - moruo le ea chelete bonngoeng, e leng fana ka maikutlo a ho bōptjoa ka chelete tloaelehile hore batho ba Europe. khoebo ea machaba ka hare ho meeli ea chelete sebakeng tloaelehile hore batho ba tla haholo kenya letsoho hore ho ne ho bōptjoa 'marakeng le' ngoe, ka ho feletseng le ditheko junifomo le molao oa tsamaiso ea limmaraka ea sechaba. Bōpa e 'maraka le' ngoe e khona ho susumelletsa eketsehile ka makhetlo a kgaisano e har'a lihlahisoa le tsoane le etsa hore ho be bonolo bakeng sa ditjhelete e kopanetsoeng, ka ho khetheha, khoebo ea machaba pakeng tsa litho tsa sebakeng chelete le 'ngoe. Qetellong, ka nako e telele ho theha khoebo ea tloaelehile 'me sebaka ka chelete lokela nolofatsa European sebopeho khompani bakeng sa ho fedisa ea liketso tsohle normative ea molao ea ho e homogeneous.

li-euro

manyalo a moruo hangata e ipehela pakane ea ho kopanya ea moruo oa linaha tse ka hare ho bona. Homolog laola mosebetsi moruo libaka chelete e 'ngoe e ka finyelloang ka ho qaloa ho chelete e le' ngoe; convergence Sena se tla bopa tshwano e khōloanyane har'a batho ba moruo e sa tšoaneng ea sechaba. The maemo a beha bakeng sa selelekela sa la euro le ho bōptjoa ha chelete e le 'ngoe:

1. Ho boloka ditefello tsa machaba phapanyetsano ka hare ho e mengata e fapaneng esale pele (sekgahla sa phapanyetsano mochine, kapa ERM) bonyane ka lilemo tse peli pele ho qaloa ho la euro le.
2. Ho boloka sekgahla sa tswala nako e telele.
3. Laola sekoloto sa setjhaba ka hara meeli e balletsweng.
4. Tlhokomelo ya sekoloto sa akaretsang 'muso ka ha ho na tse fetang 60% ea sehlahisoa tebileng tse ruuoang.

sebopeho EU o

bonngoeng a moruo European e kenyeletsa 4 'mele tsamaiso, eo sebetsana le libakeng tse itseng tsa mosebetsi moruo le lipolotiki.

1. Lekhotla la Matona. Hangata ho na le baemedi ba makala la Litaba Tsa Naha Esele ea re setho EU. Lekhotla la Matona European na le u ka re ho qetela litabeng tsohle tse sa koahetsoe ke likonteraka tsitsitseng thehoa EU kapa mekhatlo lona pele ho eena. Lekhotla la Matona amohelang bashebelli Komiti, ea bitsang litaba tse amanang le likamano tsa pakeng tsa linaha tsa EU libakeng tse latelang: puso, temo, lihlapi, leano la liindasteri le 'maraka hare, phuputso, matla lipalangoang, ekolotsi.

2. Komisi ea Europe. A moruo bonngoeng ba e re, e le busa, theha 'mele setsebi ho fumana likarabo tsa lipotso tsa lichelete. E le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa joalo ya phethahatso EU, Komisi European sebakeng sa hae. Ho batla ho sebeletsa lithahasello tsa Europe ka kakaretso litabeng tsa likamano tsa ka ntle, moruo, ditjhelete, indasteri le maano temo.

3. European Paramente. Ho akarelletsa baemeli ba EU e re setho, ba ya kgethilweng ho ke kgetho e tobileng linaheng tsa bona. Le hoja ho sebeletsa e le seboka sa puisano ea litaba amehoang ka tsona ka ho motho Member States le EU ka kakaretso, Paramente European ha se na matla a ho bopa kapa kenya tshebetsong le ditlwaelo tsa molao. Leha ho le joalo, o na le ba bang ba e laola moralo oa tšebeliso ea EU le ka mpefatsa lintho le ho nahanisisoa ka ho ke Lekhotla la Matona kapa Komisi ea Europe.

4. Lekhotla le. mekgatlo ya basebetsi efe kapa efe ya moruo ba lokela ho ba le motheo ea molao, European Union ho na le mokhelo. Lekhotla le ile la e na le baahloli ba 13 'me babuelli ba molao tse tsheletseng emelang EU Member States. mosebetsi oa eona ke ho hlalosa melao le melawana e entsoeng ka liqeto tse tlamang bakeng sa EU setho mebuso, lik'hamphani le batho ka bomong ka re setho EU.

mekgatlo ya basebetsi machaba a moruo

- WTO / GATT. Motheo Melao 153 lipakeng tsa linaha ke General Agreement ka theko le ditefiso le Trade (GATT). Phokotso ea ditefiso, ho felisoa ha ditshita tse, unbiased lekhetho le leano la meetlo mabapi le e mong le e nngwe - tsena ke maikemisetso o ka sehloohong oa tumellano, e neng e bua ka matsoho ka 1947,

- YUNKAD. The Conference United Nations ka Trade le Khōlo e - le moemeli mele oa Seboka se Akaretsang sa Machaba a Kopaneng (United Nations), e sebetsanang le litaba tsa ntshetsopele ya moruo, khoebo le dipeeletso. Ka sehloohong sepheo sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o beha ka boeona e ho ea linaheng tse ka tlaase ho moo tse tsoetseng pele ka ikopanya tsa 'maraka a moruo oa lefatše lohle.

- NAFTA. Kholo ka ho fetisisa Amerika Leboea libaka mahala kgwebo ya pakeng tsa United States, Canada le Mexico ho tloha ka selemo sa 1994

- ASEAN. Lipolotiki le tsa moruo kopanelo ea linaha tsa Asia Boroa-bochabela, e leng e hona joale ho hōla ka potlako, e emeloang ke Mokhatlo oa Asia Boroa-Bochabela. tumellano ena e ne e saenwa ke linaha tse latelang: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. lipakane tsa ASEAN li reretsoe ho hatela pele ka matla kgolo ya moruo, ho sireletsa lithahasello tsa sechaba, khotso le botsitso; nolofalletsa ke 'mele ea molao ea ho rarolla liqabang ka khotso.