Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa pituitary ea

The pituitary tšoelesa, sebopeho le mesebetsi ea eona e tla tšohloa hamorao, ke lekala ea tsamaiso ea endocrine. Ho karolo 3 ho kopantswe. A re hlahlobeng seo ke mesebetsi ya pituitary tšoelesa ea boko. Qetellong ea sehlooho, e leng lintho tse bonahalang tse eketsehileng. Ka ho khetheha, tafole. pituitary mosebetsi hlalositsoeng ka eona ka bokhutšoanyane.

ajoa

E le pituitary tšoelesa e tsamaisoa? Mosebetsi, kalafo ea mafu a, mosebetsi lekala ka kakaretso e laolwang ke mmuso la ajoa ka likopi mali. Ling tse ya phepelo lekala mali na maemong a mangata le tšusumetso ea makhaola-khang ka molao oa tsamaiso ea mosebetsi oa eona.

Makala a ya carotid (hare) mothapo le selika-likoe sa Willis thehoa ka holimo ka tlaase le e 'mele metjha e. Mefuta e pele e ka toka e matla capillary marangrang ka bohare boemo bo phahameng sebakeng sa hypothalamus le. Kopane ho theha e letotong la lijana tsa-portal mothapo e telele. Ba theohe ka adenohypophysis le lehlaka la mofuta o ka anterior lobe akira theo gun methapong sinusoidal. Ka lebaka leo, ka karolo ena ea 'mele oa phepelo e tobileng ea mali a le siyo. Mali feptjoang ka ho sona ho tloha boemo bo phahameng bohare ka tsamaiso ea-portal. makgetheng tsena ke tsa bohlokoa ho fetisisa bakeng sa molao oa tsamaiso ea e mong le mosebetsi ea pituitary anterior. Sena ke hobane axons liseleng neurosecretory tsa hypothalamus ka bohare boemo bo phahameng sebakeng thehoa mabitso a mang aksovazalnye.

Neurosecretion le peptides taolo ke lijana hekeng phunyeletse ho adenohypophysis. Morao lefapha 'mele ea amohelang mali ho tswa methapo e ka tlaase. The adenohypophysis boletsoe phahameng ka ho fetisisa matla hona joale, ha a ntse a pele boemo ba sona e phahame ho feta ka lisele tse ling tse ka ho fetisisa.

lijana Venous ka lobe anterior akarelletsa ho venules morao. The outflow tloha lekala e etsoa cavernous sinus khetla venous thata, 'me joale - ka marangrang tloaelehileng. A bophahamo ba modumo e khōloanyane ea susumeletsa mali retrograde ho boemo bo phahameng bohare. Sena ke mahlonoko tseo ho leng ha ho sebetsa mekgwa ditshwaelo tsa pakeng tsa hypothalamus le pituitary tšoelesa. Kutloelo-bohloko innervation ea methapo ea mali e etsoang ke likhoele postganglionic extending hammoho 'a letanta le vascular.

Pituitary tšoelesa: sebopeho le mosebetsi (bokhutšoanyane)

Joalokaha ho ne ho itse ka holimo, ka lekala lena le likarohano tse tharo. Pele o bitsoa anterior pituitary. Ho ea ka makgetha a ho morphological, karohano ena ke tšoelesa epithelial hlahang ho yona. E na le mefuta e 'maloa ea lisele endocrine.

Kamorao lobe bitsoa neurohypophysis. E thehoa ka nako ya embryogenesis ka bulging ventral hypothalamus le tšoauoa ka tšoana le ho neuroectodermal hlahang ho yona. Ka kamorao karolo ea bokane pituitsidy - lisele tse leakage radiation e bōpehileng joaloka le neural axons hypothalamic.

Lipakeng karoloana (tšoanang le ka pele) e epithelial hlahang ho yona. lefapha Sena ke hoo e batlang e le sieo ka ho batho, empa ka ho hlaka haholo a bolela hore, ho etsa mohlala, ka litoeba, likhomo le ruminants nyenyane. lipakeng lobe ea mosebetsi motho a etsa palo e nyenyane ea sehlopha sa lisele tse karolong e ka pele ea karohano ka morao, mesebetsing le embryological amanang le anterior pituitary. Ka mor'a moo, nahana ka likarolo tse boletsoeng ka holimo ka ho qaqileng.

tlhahiso ea li-hormone

Structurally anterior lisele tse pituitary bontša mefuta e robeli, tse hlano tseo ka tsona ke sa tlholeho ka mosebetsi wa secretory. likarolo tsena li akarelletsa, ka ho khetheha:

• Somatotrofy. Ho acidophilus likarolo tse khubelu le granules e metle. Ba hlahisa kgolo ya li-hormone.
• Laktotrofy. Sena bosehla likarolo acidophilus le granules kgolo. Ba hlahisa prolactin.
• Tireotrofy basophil. lisele tse tsena hlahisa thyroid-Stimulating Hormone.
• Gonadotrofy basophil. likarolo tsena hlahisa LH le FSH (gonadotropins: follicle hlasimollang le luteinizing hormone).
• Kortikotrofy basophil. likarolo tsena hlahiswa adrenocorticotropic hormona corticotropin. Hape mona, joalokaha e etsahala thepa ea motheo ea karohano lipakeng, thehoa melanotropin, le beta-endorphin. metsoako tsena li nkiloe selelekela limolek'hule lipotropinovyh metsoako.

corticotropin

Ke bokaholimo ba matsoele sehlahisoa sa proopiomelanocortin glycoprotein lekaneng kgolo eo Ho thehoa basophilic kortikotrofami. komponeng e arohanya protheine ena e arotsoe ka likarolo tse peli. Ea bobeli e mong - lipotropin - arohana le fana melanotropin, peptide endorphin. Ke habohlokoa ka mosebetsi oa antipain (antinociceptive) Tsamaiso le diileketerone isa molokong o mong adenohypophyseal-hormone.

litla fisioloji tsa corticotropin

Di arotswe extraadrenal le adrenal. Tsa morao tjena ho nkoa e khōlō. Tlas'a bohato la corticotropin eketsehileng tswakana hormone. Ha ho na le ke e feteletseng ea hyperplasia le hypertrophy ya cortex adrenal. bohato Extraadrenal se bontšoa ke liphello tse latelang:

• Eketsa tlhahiso ea kgolo ya li-hormone le insulin.
• e le hantle Lipolytic ka dinama tse nyenyane tse adipose.
• Hypoglycemia ka lebaka la tsusumetso ea secretion insulin.
• Eketseha deposition ea melanin hyperpigmentation loketseng kamanong hormonal tsa molek'hule le melanotropin,.

Ha corticotropin feteletseng tšoauoa ntshetsopeleng ya Cushing tsamaya molemo keketseho ea cortisol ka adrenal ena. bolwetse ena e bitsoa pituitary Cushing e. Fokotswa pituitary mosebetsi qholotsa ho hloka glucocorticoids. E tsamaea le lichifi tshilong ya dijo ka bontša botho ba le ho senyeha oa ho hanyetsa tikoloho kantle.

Gonadotropic pituitary mosebetsi

Ntshetsopeleng ya metsoako e itseng ho tswa Pellets seleng ea lipotoloho tse fapaneng fapaneng ka bobeli banna le basali. Pituitary mosebetsi kenngwa tshebetsong tabeng ena ke tsamaiso adenylate cyclase-Camp. tšusumetsong ea ka sehloohong o ikemiseditse ho likarolo ho kopanela liphate. ketso e sa lekanyetsoa feela hore ho thehoe le secretion ea li-hormone, empa hape ka mosebetsi oa testes le mae a bomme ke tlama ho receptors lisele follitropin primordial follicle. Sena se etsa hore se ikemetseng e le hantle morphogenetic, e bontša ka boeona e ka mokgwa wa kgolo ya ea follicles ka ovary le lisele tse granulosa ata ka basali, hammoho le tsoelo-pele ea ka testes, spermatogenesis, le ho pharalatsa ea lisele Sertoli ka ba batona.

Nakong ea ho hlahisoa ha hormone sex follitropin hlokomela feela e le phello ea thusang. Ka lebaka la sebōpeho sa secretory mo lokisetsa mosebetsi lutropin. Ho feta moo, ba susumelletseha steroid biosynthesis enzyme. Lutropin ho etsa hore ovulation le ntshetsopele ya popelo polokelo luteum, 'me ka testes sa Stimulating phello lisele tse Leydinga. O nkoa e le senotlolo steroid Tshebediso ya thuto le androgen, progesterone le estrogen bananeng. Homolog ntshetsopeleng ya gonads le tlhahiso ea steroid fanoeng ke bohato synergistic tsa lutropin le follitropin. Tabeng ena, hangata batho baa ba ho kopantswe tlasa kakaretso tlotla "gonadotropins".

Thyrotropin: kakaretso lesedi

Secretion ena hormona glycoprotein e phethahatsoa tswelela pele le liphetoho ho lekaneng bohale ho pholletsa le letsatsi. mahloriso lona lebetsoeng le ketekoa ka mor'a lihora tse ka hore raka ho robala. molao oa tsamaiso le e entsoeng ke sebelisana mosebetsi oa pituitary le thyroid litsoelesa. Thyrotropin secretion kgothaletsa tetraiodothyronine le triiodothyronine. Koetsoeng ditshwaelo tsa ka ho boemong ba ya hypothalamus le pituitary mosebetsi e loketseng. Tabeng ea ho qetela re bua ka hatelloang tsa TSH. Hape e liehisa ea secretion ea glucocorticoids. Eketseha tlhahiso ea TSH skrine se etsahala tlas'a tšusumetso ea mocheso phahameng 'mele. Lintho tse kang thethebatso, bohloko kapa kotsi, thibela metsoako secretion.

Tšusumetso ea thyrotropin

hormona ena ke khona ho tlama ho receptor itseng ka thyroid lisele tse follicular le susumelletsa liphetoho tshilong ya dijo. Thyrotropin thusa hore ho fetola mefuta eohle ea metabolism, hatela pele ka matla ho kenya tshebetsong iodine litareng nkhape tsa steroid le tswakana ya thyroid thyroglobulin. Keketseho ea secretion thyroid li-hormone le hlaha ka Tshebediso ya ya hydrolysis tsa thyroglobulin.

eketseha boima ba 'mele Thyrotropin' mele ka lebaka la ho eketseha RNA le tswakana protheine. Hormone le fana ka bohato vnetireoidnoe. Ho bontša eketsehile ka makhetlo tlhahiso ea glycosaminoglycans letlalong, subcutaneous dinama tse nyenyane tse 'me zaorbitalnoy. Hangata sena le hlaha ka lebaka la ho haella ha lihomone, ho etsa mohlala, khahlanong le khaello a iodine litareng e. Ka tsela e feteletseng secretion ea TSH goitre, thyroid hyperfunction liponahatso eketsehileng dikahare steroid thyroid (hyperthyroidism), exophthalmos (pucheglazija). hammoho ena eohle e bitsoa lefu Graves '.

somatotropin

hormona ena e ya hlahiswa tswelela pele le 20-30 metsotso eo mohloli liseleng adenogipofizarnyh. Lekanyetsoa secretion ea somatostatin 'me ba isoa somatoliberin (hypothalamic neuropeptides). Eketseha tlhahiso ea kgolo ya hormona hlokomela nakong robala, haholo-holo ka mekhahlelo lona ba pele.

litla fisioloji

Di amanang le khatello ea ho hōla-hormone ka dithulaganyo tshilong ya dijo. Boholo ba litla-fisioloji go ranolelwang kwa ke itseng humoral lintlha, lesapo le sebete. Ba bitsoa somatomedins. Tabeng ea tlōlo ea pituitary tšoelesa ka mokgwa wa e ile ea eketseha le ho nako e telele secretion ea li-hormone bohato mabaka humoral ka lefufuru phehella. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba hlokomela liphetoho lipid le k'habohaedreite metabolism. Ka lebaka leo, khōlo ea li-hormone di hlohleletsago hyperglycemia ka lebaka la ho bola ka sebete le mesifa glycogen, le thibelo ya tsoekere ho lahla ka lisele. Ka lebaka la ho li-hormone ena eketsa ka insulin secretion. Ka nako e tšoanang, khōlo ea li-hormone di hlohleletsago le Tshebediso ya insulinase.

Itse potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale sebetsang sebakeng sa hae deleteriously ka ka insulin, susumelletsang motho ho hanyetsa ka lisele. motswako ona dithulaganyo ka mo lakalisa qala ho ea lefu la tsoekere (lefu la tsoekere).

pituitary mosebetsi le hlaha ka metabolism tsa lipids. Ho na le ke nolofatsa (permissive) phello ea ho hōla-hormone ka liphello tsa glucocorticoids le catecholamines. Ka lebaka leo susumelletseha lipolysis ya dinama tse nyenyane tse adipose, e ile ea eketseha mahala mafura acid e ea mahloriso ka mali, ho na le ka tsela e feteletseng sebopeho sa 'mele ketone | ka sebete' me esita le khukhuneloa lona.

Ka insulin ho hanyetsa ka ho amana le maloetse a hlalosa zhirovgo phapanyetsano. Tabeng ea tlōlo ea pituitary tšoelesa, e leng e bontšoa ka secretion ka tsela e feteletseng ea ho hōla hormone, ha e bontša ka boeona e ka bongoaneng ba pele, ntshetswa pele gigantism ka tekanyo e lekanang ya sebopeho sa kutu le maoto le matsoho. Ka ea hōlileng tsebong 'me lilemo tsa bocha ka nako e tšoanang na le ho hōla karolo ya kgolo epiphyseal la masapo a ya marapo, libakeng tsa ossification fella. Tshebetso ena o bitsoa acromegaly. Ha kgolo ya hormona khaello congenital dwarfism mofuta wa joalo, e tsejoang e le pituitary dwarfism. batho ba joalo ba bitsoa ka Lilliputians.

prolactin

Sena ke e mong oa hormone bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa hore pituitary tšoelesa hlahisa. Mesebetsi ka 'mele eo a re steroid etsa e fapaneng. Hangata e ama tšoelesa mammary. Ho phaella moo, o tšehetsa hormona secretory mosebetsi ya polokelo luteum le progesterone tlhahiso. Prolactin ho akarelletsa le molao oa tsamaiso ea metabolism metsi le letsoai, fokotsa excretion ea metsi le electrolyte, di hlohleletsago kgolo le ntshetsopele ya litho tsa ka hare, ho khothalletsa batho sebopeho sa bohlale ba tlhaho ba 'mè. Ho ekelletsa moo kholiso hormona kgothaletsa protheine tswakana ea mafura lik'habohaedreite kabo e bakang postnatal nona.

Ka morao le dikarolo lipakeng: tlhaloso e khutšoanyane

Neurohypophysis etsa haholo-holo ka tšehetsoa mosebetsi. Ka lefapha lena hape secreted neurohormones paraventricular le nuclei supraoptic ka hypothalamus le - oxytocin le vasopressin.

Ha e le ba karohano lipakeng, ho thehoa melanotropin,. hormona ena e tsa maiketsetso melanin eketsa ka tjhelete e ya mahala pigment ka epidermis le, ho matlafatsa letlalo le moriri 'mala. Melanotropin, o etsa mosebetsi oa ho boko peptide dithulaganyo neurochemical khopolong ea.

Qetellong

Tafole "Pituitary Function" emeloang tlase lumella akaretsa ka mesebetsi tšohloa lekala ke qeto ea hore na mosebetsi oa metsoako e hlahisoang ke bona.