Rarahaneng metsoako. Tlhaloso, tlhophiso

Ho fana ka ho feta kapa ka tlaase ho nepahetseng tlhaloso ya seo ke metsoako e rarahaneng, k'hemistri ea kajeno e na le ho itšetleha ka litokisetso tsa motheo tsa khopolo tšebelisano, e neng e e sisintsweng ke A. Werner ka bo-mobu 1893 ete The rarahana ha taba ena itšetlehile ka mefuta-futa e le multiplicity tsa metsoako ho fetisisa fapa-fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale oela tlhaloso ya e rarahaneng ka.

Ka kakaretso, metsoako e rarahaneng - ka ntho lik'hemik'hale, e le karolo ea seo e leng letoto la likaroloana rarahaneng. Ho fihlela joale, saense ha e na tlhaloso e thata ea "likaroloana rarahaneng". Atisa ho sebelisa tlhaloso e latelang: a phatsa rarahaneng utloisisa rarahaneng phatsa e khonang ho le nosi teng ka kristale le ka tharollo. E entsoe ka likaroloana tse ling tsa motheo, e leng ka lehlakoreng le na le matla a ho ba teng le nosi. Hape, hangata e tlhaloso ya likaroloana rarahaneng oa likaroloana lik'hemik'hale tse rarahaneng tseo ka tsona kaofela kapa karolo ya mabapi di thehoa ka mofani-acceptor molao-motheo.

A tsobotsi tloaelehileng, eo rua metsoako eohle e rarahaneng e ba teng ka har'a mohaho o bona tsa athomo tse bohareng, o ile a fumana lebitso la "complexing moemeli". Fuoa ho fapafapana hore metsoako tsena lokela ho bua ka tse ling tse akaretsang tsa elements sena ha se ho hlokahala. Atisa ho ba complexing moemeli ke athomo eaba ba etsa tšepe. Empa sena ha se tšobotsi e ka thata-thata: ho na le metsoako e rarahaneng eo athomo bohareng ke athomo oksijene, sebabole, naetrojene, a iodine litareng e le likarolo tse ling tse emelang nonmetals khanyang. Ha a bua ka moemeli qoso complexing, ho ka boleloa hore ba bangata ba e-positive, le ka lingoliloeng tsa saense bitsoa setsi sa tšepe, empa ho na le mehlala e moo athomo e bohareng le e na le qoso e mpe, 'me esita le lefela.

Ka lebaka leo, le liathomo tse ka thōko kapa lihlopha kgethile liathomo tse teng ho pota moemeli complexing, bitsoa ligands. Sena se ka ba le likaroloana tseo pele ho kena ka motsoako o rarahaneng oa ho ke molek'hule Ka mohlala, metsi a (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), naetrojene (NH3), 'me ba bang ba bangata, ho ka boela ba anions OH-, PO43-, Cl-, hydrogen kapa ealogy H +.

leka ho go arologana metsoako e rarahaneng ho latela rarahaneng qoso mofuta arola metsoako tsena lik'hemik'hale ka mehahong cationic tse thehoa ka bophara ka sebele qosoa Ion limolek'hule nke lehlakore. mehahong Anionic hape di a fumaneha, eo ho eona complexant ke athomo le e ntle boemo ho kena moea. Le bonolo le le rarahaneng anions ke ligands. A sehlopha se ka thoko ka thōko mehahong nke lehlakore. sebopeho bona ho etsahala ka ho hokahanngoe pota nke lehlakore limolek'hule athomo. Hape le ka sehlopha sena sa metsoako e rarahaneng kenyeletsa metsoako thehoa ke tšebelisano le tsoa hong ho pota ya ions sebele qosoa 'me limolek'hule le ions hlonamisitsoe qosoa.

Ha u nahana ka palo ea litulo tshwerweng ke seo ho thoeng ke ligands ka tšebelisano boemong, ho o ikemiselitse monodentate, bidentantye le polydentate ligands.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea metsoako e rarahaneng ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng e dumella tlhophiso ke mofuta wa ligand ena. Har'a bona khetholla ammines, eo ho eona ligands li emeloa ke limolek'hule ammonia, Aqua mehahong moo ligands ke metsi, carbonyls - carbon monoxide liketso e le ligand ka. Ho feta moo acidocomplexes teng eo ka ho eona athomo bohareng pota-potiloe ke litlhaka kahare asiti. Haeba a pota-potiloe ke ions hydroxide, metsoako e boletsweng hydroxycomplexes.

metsoako e rarahaneng phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka tlhaho. Khonehe ba se na tsona mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea lintho tse phelang. Hape, tšebeliso ea metsoako e rarahaneng ka lintho tseo batho ba dumella tshebetso rarahaneng difeme.

Katisediwa k'hemistri, e qotsitsoeng ho tsa tšepe e tsoang tšepe, electroplating, tlhahiso ea pente le lipolisheng - ho feela e khutšoanyane lethathamo la liindasteri tse 'nile ha sebelisoa lik'hemik'hale e rarahaneng.