Business, Indasteri
Polymer - ke eng? tlhahiso ea polymer
Ho hlollang kamoo tse fapa-fapaneng lintho tse re potolohileng, 'me thepa e tsoang ho eona li le entse. Pejana ho moo, ka lilemo tse makholo XV-XVI, thepa ya sehlooho di tšepe, lehong khalase hamorao, hoo e ka bang ka linako tsohle, porcelain le letsopa. Empa lilemong tsa bo-joale - ka nako e sa polymers, e leng tla tšohloa ka ho eketsehileng.
Khopolo ea polymers
Polymer. ha e le eng? U ka araba ka ho lintlha tse sa tšoaneng tsa pono. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lintho tse bonahalang le ea kajeno sebediswa bakeng sa thepa e plurality ya dintho botekgeniki le ba ntlo.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, re ka se buang ka eona ke ka ho khethehileng tsa maiketsetso a maiketsetso ntho nkiloeng ka thepa esale pele bakeng sa ho sebelisoa e le ee rileng bophara.
E mong le e sa litlhaloso tsena e nepahetse, feela pele ya ka dipehelo tsa lelapa, 'me ea bobeli - ho tloha maikutlo ea lik'hemik'hale e. E mong lik'hemik'hale tlhaloso e tjena. Polymers - sena metsoako macromolecular tseo li thehiloe libakeng tse kgutshwanyane tsa ketane molek'hule - monomers. Ba khutla ka makhetlo-khetlo eaba ba etsa polymer macrochain. The monomers e ka ba ka bobeli tse phelang le inorganic metsoako.
Kahoo potso: "? Polymer - se e" - hloka karabo e qaqileng le tse rarolla thepa eohle 'me o sebelisa ya dintho tsena.
mefuta polymers
Ho na le tse ngata classifications polymers ke litšobotsi tse fapa-fapaneng (tsa lik'hemik'hale tlhaho, mocheso ho hanyetsa, sebopeho ketane joalo joalo). Tafole latelang ka bokhutšoanyane buisana le mefuta e tsa motheo tsa polymers.
| Molao-motheo oa | mefuta | tlhaloso | mehlala |
| Ke hlahang ho yona (hlaha) | Natural (tsa tlhaho) | Tseo tse etsahalang ka tlhaho ha lintho tsa tlhaho. Bōpiloe ke tlhaho. | DNA, RNA, lihaha-'mele, starch, 'mala o mosehla, silika, selulose, tsa tlhaho tsa rabara |
| maiketsetso | O ile a fumana ka laboratoring ea motho a se be le kamano e le tlhaho. | PVC, nhua polyethylene, phenol formaldehyde lehoakhoa, polypropylene, kettle le tse ling | |
| maiketsetso | Bōpiloe ke motho ka laboratoring, empa ka lebaka la polymers tlhaho. | Celluloid, selulose ea acetate, nitrocellulose | |
| From pono ea lintho tsa tlhaho lik'hemik'hale | mofuta manyolo | Boholo ba polymers tsohle tsejoa. Ka manyolo tse bonahalang monomer (entsoe ka liathomo k'habone e ka switjha liathomo N, S, Uena, P le ba bang). | polymers All maiketsetso |
| mofuta inorganic | Motheong oa likarolo tse kang Si, Ge, Uena, P, S, H, 'me ba bang. Properties tsa polymers, ha tenyetsehang, se theha macrochains. | Polysilanes, polidihlorfosfazen, poligermany, acid e polysilicic | |
| organoelemental mofuta | A motsoako oa polymers manyolo le inorganic. Main oa potoloho - the inorganic, lehlakoreng - manyolo. | Polysiloxanes polycarboxylates poliorganotsiklofosfazeny. | |
| Phapang ketane ka sehloohong | Gomotsepnye | The ketane ka sehloohong ea emeloang ke ka har'a carbon kapa ka silicon. | Polysilanes, polystyrene, nhua polyethylene, 'me ba bang. |
| hetero | Masapo ka sehloohong ea liathomo tse fapaneng. | Mehlala Polymers - polyamides, lihaha-'mele, ethylene glycol. |
Hape khetholla pakeng tsa polymers guttate, sefapano amahanngoa le se makala a sebopeho. polymer botlaaseng lumella hore ba ho ba thermoplastic kapa thermosetting. Ba ne ba boetse ba le ho se tšoane ka bokhoni ba ho deform tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng.
The thepa 'meleng ea thepa polymeric
Mantlha tse peli maemo aggregate, tloaelehileng polymers ke:
- amorphous;
- kristale.
E mong le e tšoauoa ka sete ea eona ea thepa 'me e bohlokoa bo sebetsang bohlokoa. Ka mohlala, haeba le polymer ka boemo amorphous teng, joale e ka 'na ea ba mokelikeli vyazkotekuschey le lintho tse bonahalang le kang khalase le komponeng elastomeric (rubbers). E ho pharaletseng sebediswa ka liindasteri lik'hemik'hale, kaho, theknoloji, tlhahiso ea thepa le liindasteri.
Puso e bonaletsang tsa polymers tse tloaelehileng haholo. Ha e le hantle, boemong bona e patiwa le likarolo amorphous tsa balebeli ba potoloho, 'me ka kakaretso ho molek'hule kaofela fellang kateng le e loketseng haholo bakeng sa ho hlahisa tenyetsehang, empa ka nako e tšoanang likhoele phahameng le tiileng.
The lintlha qhibiliha tsa polymers ba fapaneng. Tse ngata amorphous qhibiliha ka wa kamore, 'me ba bang ba bonaletsang a maiketsetso a mamella mocheso ho ka toka e phahameng (plexiglas, khalase le litlheferetsi, kettle, polypropylene).
Polymers ka pentoa ka mebala e sa tšoaneng, ka ntle ho lithibelo leha e le efe. Ka lebaka la ho sebopeho bona, ba ba khona ho monya ho pente le ho fumana ka ho fetisisa hlollang le e sa tloaelehang mebala.
Lik'hemik'hale Properties tsa Polymers
Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea polymers tsa fapana le tseo tlaase boima dintho limolek'hule. Sena ke ka lebaka la boholo ba molek'hule e, ho ba teng ha lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa tshebetso ka sebopeho sa eona, oa matsete o tloaelehileng oa matla Tshebediso ya.
Ka kakaretso, ho na le mefuta e 'maloa tsa motheo tsa liphetoho bath ya polymers:
- Liphetoho tse tla e behilweng ke sehlopha se tshebetso. Ke hore, haeba polymer ke sehlopha OH, alcohols tloaelehileng, kahoo, ba itšoara joang ho eona li tla ba le tsoanang le ea alcohols (dehydration, ho kena moea, phokotso, dehydration, joalo-joalo).
- Sebelisana le HMC (metsoako tlase limolek'hule).
- Liphetoho pakeng polymers ho theha e crosslinked dinetweke tseo macromolecular (polymers marangrang, se makala a).
- liphetoho e pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa tshebetso hara polymer molecule.
- Disintegration tsa molecule ka monomers le (ketane ho senyeha).
liphetoho tsena tsohle li le ea bohlokoa haholo ka liketso, bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho ea polymers le thepa esale pele 'me motho hamonate ho eona. Polymer k'hemistri lumella u ho bopa mocheso manganga, acid e le a alkali-bopaki thepa, e nang le nako e le nngwe fetoha le maemo ka ho lekaneng le botsitso.
Kopo ea polymers ka ba letsatsi le letsatsi
Tshebediso ya metsoako tsena ho pholletsa. Tse seng kae ka hopola masimong a indasteri, moruo, saense le theknoloji, e leng ne e ha ho hlokahale polymer. ke eng e - e polymeric moruo le tšebeliso e atileng 'me kamoo e khathetse?
- Lik'hemik'hale indasteri (polasetiki difeme, tannins, manyolo tswakana tsa metsoako e meholo).
- Mechanical le boenjiniere, lifofane, refineries oli.
- Medicine le pharmacology.
- Ho lidae le liqhomane, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le dibolayangwang, bolaeang likokoanyana ka temo.
- Indasteri ea kaho (tšepe alloying, moralo utloahalang le e kwahelang mocheso, thepa ea ho haha).
- Ho etsa lintho tsa ho bapala, lijana, methapo, mabokose, lintho tse ba ntlo le housewares.
Polymer k'hemistri dumella ho fumana ka ho eketsehileng, ke thepa bokahohleng la thepa, le likes for ea boo ho seng har'a tšepe kapa har'a lehong kapa khalase.
Mehlala ea thepa polymeric
Pele re bolele lihlahisoa itseng ho tswa polymers (ba ke ke ha khoneha ho thathamisa tsohle, le ho hongata haholo ea ho fapafapana bona), o lokela ho qala ka ho utloisisa hore na e fana ka polymer. The tse bonahalang, e leng o ile a fumana ho tswa ho Navy, 'me e tla ba motheo bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa nakong e tlang.
thepa ea motheo e entsoeng ka polymers, ke tsena:
- dipolasetiki;
- polypropylenes;
- polyurethanes;
- polystyrene;
- polyacrylates;
- phenol formaldehyde halogenated;
- epoxy halogenated;
- Capron;
- viscose;
- likausi;
- poliester likhoele ;
- likhomaretsi;
- filimi;
- tannins le ba bang.
Sena ke feela lethathamo e nyenyane ea hore na mefuta e fapaneng e fanang ka k'hemistri ea kajeno. Empa mona se ho hlakile ke lintho life tse le lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka polymers - hoo e ka bang leha e le efe lintho tse ka tlung, meriana le libakeng tse ling tse (polasetiki lifensetere, liphaephe, lisebelisoa kichineng, lisebelisoa, thepa ea ka tlung, lintho tsa ho bapala, lifilimi, joalo-joalo).
Polymers masimong a sa tšoaneng a saense le theknoloji
Re se re ama ka taba ea libakeng tseo polymers sebelisitsoeng ho eona. Mehlala ho bontša bohlokoa ba tsona ka saense le theknoloji, ho ka fella ka tse latelang:
- kopo ea rabara;
- antistatic coatings;
- lithebe motlakase;
- Maemo a ho hoo e ka bang tsohle disebediswa ba ntlo;
- transistors;
- LEDs, 'me joalo-joalo.
Ha ho na lithibelo tabeng ea ho sebelisa thepa e polymeric lefatšeng ball kai kajeno.
tlhahiso ea polymer
Polymer. ha e le eng? Ke hoo e ka bang tsohle tse pota-potileng le rona. Moo ba ba hlahisitseng?
- Peterolo (hloekisa) indasteri.
- dimela khethehileng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea thepa polymeric le lihlahisoa ho bona.
Sena ke motheo ka sehloohong leo ka lona o ile a fumana (tsa maiketsetso) polymeric thepa.
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