Ha morao ka 1330 Bertold Shvarts, e Jeremane moitlami ea ileng a fumana gunpowder propellant thepa, o ile a ne ke sa nahane hore e ne e tla ba moholo-holo oa molimo ntjha - molimo oa ntoa.
Tšimoloho ea libetsa
Bula moitlami ka potlako a sebelisa litabeng tsa sesole, 'me ka potlako ho ne ho libakeng tse peli ea ho hōla libetsa, moo lahlele ba ea thepa ea gunpowder sebediswa. Pele ea bana e ne e ho bopa ya bobebe letsoho tshwerweng matsoho a tse nyenyane, ea bobeli e - ho hlahisa lithunya. Ho hlaha ha handguns ha e ile ea etsa hore ho ne ho bōptjoa mosa le lecha la masole. Ba mpa ba hlometseng ba le teng, ho fetola infantry le bapalami ba lipere liqha le javelins khanya - metsu. Empa ponahalo ea lithunya thehoa lebotho bo bocha, boo ka Russia li ne li bitsoa "mollo mose", le hore theorist Setaliana Niccolo Tartaglia matsoho a sisintsweng ho bitsa libetsa, e leng phetolelo e bolela "tsebo ea ho ho thunngoa." Bafuputsi ba bang ba lumela hore ho botseta hlaha hantle pele a qalang tsa moitlami Jeremane, ka ho qaptjoa mechine ea pele mechine battledore - ballista. Eng kapa eng eo e ne e, e leng molimo oa ntoa libetsa ne toba le ho bōptjoa ha lithunya.
Ntshetsopeleng ya Molimo oa Ntoa
Ha nako e ntse, masole a e sa eme ntse, le libetsa e sa feela ba ntlafala, empa hape mefuta e mecha ea lipontšo: howitzers, likanono, multiple tsoibilang Lata le ba bang. Ka mashome a mabeli lekholong la lilemo la libetsa e le kannete busitse sesoleng. Le le tsoelo-pele ea lisebelisoa ntshetswa pele le libetsa mahlaahlela.
likhetla
Khetla pele, eo o ile a ntša ho sera, e mong haese lejoe tloaelehileng, e ballista tjhajwang. Ha ho qaloa ho lithunya o ile a qala ho sebelisa lejoe leo le khethehileng, 'me joale ea mantlha tšepe. Ba sebelisa lireng ba tahlehelo ka lebaka la ho matla a kinetic fumana nakong a betsa. Empa esita le lilemong tsa bo-AD bolesomepedi ka China re sebediswa projectile e phatlohile, methane e lireng ke catapult. Ka lebaka leo, tshisinyo ho etsa ea mantlha sekoti ea lintho tse bonahalang ho phatloha ka hare ha se nako e telele ka ho tla. Kahoo ho na le e ne e le projectile libetsa phatloha. O inflicts tshenyo bohlokoa ka lebaka la ho matla a tsa phatloha 'me hasanyang splinters. Ka mor'a hore ponahalo ea liphofu armored ho loantša ba khethehileng lihlomo tsa ho phunya, ho phunya le cumulative mahlaahlela ile ntshetswa pele. mosebetsi oa bona e ne e le e phunyeletse lihlomo le senya mechine le manpower tse ka sebaka zabronevom. Ho na le boetse ho na le e khethehileng-morero oa ka likhetla: khantša, incendiary, tsa k'hemik'hale le mashano a mang. ho fumana tsoa ho tloaeleha tataisoang munitions, eo ho bona ka bobona fetola sefofane lona ho ka tsela e nepahetseng ho feta otla liphofu.
likhetla Concussive
Landmine emela qoso phatloha (phatloha) eo inflicts tshenyo ke maqhubu makala, mocheso phahameng le lihlahisoa phatloha (ba bang ba liqhomane, ho etsa mohlala, lumella combustion ea lero tse chefo). Phatloha projectile hoo e batlang e ha o ile a sebelisa ka mokgwa wa bo hloekileng. Phatloha qoso kenngoa ka e le 'mele tiileng tšepe khona ho withstanding khatello e phahameng ea ho tsoalla ka. Ka hona, ka ho qhomisa e phatlohile khetla liforomo palo e khōlō ea likhechana. mahlaahlela ena e ile ea bitsoang phahameng-phatloha projectile (CFC). Boholo ba batho ba libetsa mahlaahlela ke feela ho CFC.
shrapnel
Ho tloha ka ho nyenyefatsa netefatso ya FFS tloaelehileng ke ho le thata ho etsa bonnete ba junifomo hasana ha lingoathoana, ho ile ha ba le ka likhetla phahameng-phatloha le likarolo itokiselitse ho hlasela. mofuta ona wa munition o bitsoa "shrapnel" (ho tlotla moqapi ea, ofisiri British Henry Shrepnela). atlehang ka ho fetisisa ha e letsa ka ba bolelele ba limithara tse 'maloa a le mobung. Morao-rao mahlaahlela submunitions ba masiba foromo liphiramide, eo lumella esita le otla habobebe liphofu armored.
Landmine khahlanong le lihlomo
Ho ella bofelong ba 40-ogy ea XX lekholong la lilemo la ka UK e ile ntshetswa projectile phatloha ho timetsa sera sa likoloi armored. E ne e le matlo a nang le marako a masesaane, ka e neng e behiloe qoso phatloha le seqhomane le retarder ka. Holim 'a kopana le tšesaane metallic lihlomo selateng sa oele le pantshisi-tse lihlomo BB, hapang sebaka khōlō ka ho fetisisa ho khoneha. Ka mor'a opereishene ena e ile a qala ka ho sa seqhomane le nyenyefatsa tsa liqhomane. Sena se fella ka hore ho basesisi ba sekepe le ho hlōloa mekgwa zabronevom sebaka likhechana hare le tukang lera ka holimo tsa ntoa. mofuta ona o bitsoa phahameng-phatloha squash hlooho. Leha ho le joalo, le qaleha ea tšireletso e matla le ho se tšoane tsa ntoa, o ile a fumana ho na thuso. Jwale, metsu tsena ke ka tšebeletso feela naheng ea habo bona - ka UK.
Fuses likhetla phatloha
Pele tsoaka mahlaahlela phahameng-phatloha ne ho tloaelehile Wick e epelaki ha thunya ho tloha sethunya le nyenyefatsa netefatso BB qadile mora nako e itseng. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a hore ponahalo ea lithunya rifled le likhetla conical sebopeho, e Guaranteed kopano ka tšitiso pel'a joalo, ho ne ho fuses percussion. Molemo bona itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore khoholeho ea mobu ya BB le hlaha hang-hang ka mor'a ho kopana le tšitiso e. Hore ho timetsoe liqhobosheane percussion fuses hlomelloa le retarder. Sena se ile sa bakeng mahlaahlela, pele phunyeletse litšitiso, ka tsela eo ka tsela e hlollang eketsa bokgoni lona. Outfitting bomo le ho feta a maholohali a tsoaka 'mele e nang le marako a teteaneng (ho lumella, ka lebaka la ho matla a kinetic, phunyeletse tebileng ka marako a lintlha tsa nako e telele mollo) amohetse betonoboynymi projectile.
Tshohanyetso, ha a le qalong ea WWII ditanka KV-2 sebelisa likhetla 152-millimeter betonoboynymi katleho loanne le lihlomo tsa Sejeremane. Ha tshelwa ka mahareng kapa khanya Jeremane khetla tanka e loketseng ho boima ba sona, pele timetsa koloi, khaola tora, ebe phatloha. The bozangi litomba ya percussion fuzes ne e le hore ha a lokolloa mobung theipi (mohlala, mokhoabong), ba ne ba sa sebetse. bothata bona ka felisa ka thōko seqhomane e lumella phatloha ya mahlaahlela ka sebakeng se itseng ho tswa bohale ba sethunya moqomo. Jwale, mofuta ona wa seqhomane sebelisoa hoo e batlang e tsohle tse ka CFC. E lumella, ho etsa mohlala, sehlopha se nkileng lithunya tsa likanono tanka ka liphofu moea (liroala-nkhoana).
Combat tshebediso ya projectiles phatloha
likhetla phahameng-phatloha - mofuta o ka sehloohong oa liqhomane sebelisoa ke tsamaiso ea morao-rao libetsa. Ba li sebelisetsoa ho timetsa liqhobosheane, tšenyo le ho timetsoa ha ntoa materiel tse sa tšoaneng, matsoho a hae, manpower. Ka thuso ea bona, litemana a otla ka minefields le mehaho itšireletsa boenjiniere. Ka mohlala, ka nako ea ho qetela ea e Moholo ho rata naha Ntoa ea Soviet Union ho intša propelled libetsa tlhomamiso MIS-152, sebedisa 152-limilimithara projectile phahameng-phatloha, katleho timetsa bunkers Jeremane ka ho Seelow Heights, ntle le le katleho e kholo ya 1st le 2nd Balebeli Tank Army Katukova le Bogdanov leboea-bochabela la Berlin. Esita le ka matla ka ho fetisisa libetsa bao e seng tsa nyutlelie tsa kajeno (RZSO "Twister") etsa motheo oa liqhomane Lata phahameng-phatloha likhetla 9M55F eo ha qhoma thunngoa ile ba bapisa ka libetsa tsa ripitlang batho ba bangata.