Nizhny Novgorod: motse oo histori (kakaretso), photos, le lipono

Russia e na le motse-moholo oa eona sa pele, motse-moholo oa setso le "pokothong ea naha e" - jwalo bitsoa Nizhny Novgorod. History of motse ke bakang khang har'a bo-rahistori ba. Ho ena le hoo, ho khopiso hase haholo le letsatsi la motheo oa kamoo potso ea hore na e ne e le sebakeng sa pele Lower Chronicle bopaki le ke hobane'ng ha lebitso la "Novgorod" e beha taolong ga tlhaloso "tlaase".

matlafatsang Russia

The Mothehi selemo sa motse ke ho th, 1221. Selemong se latelang, ka mor'a letšolo le atlehileng. khahlanong le Volga Bulgars Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich o ile a laela ho beha motseng ka molomong oa Oka River, "ka tsoela ka matlafatsa RUS bohlokoa." The matsatsi re o ile a laela hore ho thehoe "motse o motjha", kahoo lebitso. Empa ho na le liphetolelo tse ling tsa ho hlaha lebitso la. Ka e mong oa bona, e leng toropo e ncha a qala ho haha setšeng sa ho fedisa Mordovian, 'me ka le leng Nizhny Novgorod o ba amohetse lebitso feletseng mabapi le boemo ba hae: ho e haha ka Volga tlase toropong khale.

Ho na le phetolelo e le hore litoropong tse ntjha pawned haholo haufi le nōka, 'me ho khetholla pakeng tsa bona, ba fuoa lebitso la habeli. Joalo, ka fedisa e ncha e ile ea bitsoang Nizhny Novgorod, histori ea lebitso toropong e patiloe ka lilemo tse makholo, mohlomong ho na le ke Chronicle ea lilemo tse ea boholo-holo, prolyuschaya khanya ka potso ena.

Qalong haha earthworks le lehong Kremlin, ka nako eo ho ne ho lekane ho bokella thunyang le fa bolulo hae. Le eena a tsoang sebakeng sena mosolotogamaano e ne e le e bonolo ea ho nyahamisa litlhaselo tsa meloko militant le tsamaea le matšolo a mabifi. Ka mor'a lilemo tse seng kae ka hare ho liqhobosheane li towered tšoeu Lejoe litempele ho tloha sebakeng sena 'me a qala Nizhny Novgorod.

Histori ea motse oo, tse kgutshwanyane maeto dikahare

Ho tloha ka kaho ea toropo Kremlin qala ho hōla le ho sebelisoa ke morero oa 'ne a rerile hore a ne a ikemiselitse. Ka 1226 e ile ea haptjoa metsana 'maloa Erzya mabotho lihlopha Svyatoslav le Ivan, e ne e le mor'abo rōna ea Grand Duke. Lilemo tse peli hamorao ne a leka e 'ngoe le metsaneng tlhōlo Zyryanskaya phutuhong ena fana ka mochana oa Grand Duke le' Musisi oa hae. katleho ea khamphani ne ba se na, empa ha e le hantle sena ke batho ba 'maloa haholo khaotsa. Ka 1229, nakong ea mariha, e Moholo Duke o ile a etsa tlhaselo ka rua morena Erzyan Purgasa moo hlōloa. Purgas ke a lula le molato 'me ka April ea selemo e tšoanang o ile a etsa tlhaselo atleha ka Nizhny Novgorod.

Histori ea motse oo o (le ka kakaretso ea thuto ea lona e tletseng bodied tsa folios litaba netefatsa ena) ke kotonda le matšolo a sesole. Sena se bontša hore le mosebetsing wa borumuwa bohlokoa motseng. sebaka libaka ne loketseng haholo ho tloha ntlheng ea ho lebaka la leqheka sesole. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho Kremlin e ile ea hahoa ka lithaba tsohle, e leng ho nkoa sa linokana tse peli. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, e leng motse ba ne ba sireletsa tlhaho ka mokgwa wa dibanka moepa ya Volga, kamehla soka ho felloa le atamela ho bona palo e khōlō ea batho. Grand Duke lakatsa seo a se finyeletseng, e thehiloeng ba karolo e nyenyane ea Serussia, empa Tatar-Mongol Horde entse mong le e mong ho boela se tshohla merero.

Feudalism ka Serussia

Ho tloha Nizhny Novgorod, e ne e lutse ka le moeli oa Russia le hampe se etselitsoeng qhobosheane, ho nahanoa hore ho Mongol-Tatars chesa motse nakong ea tlhaselo, ho tla netefatsa kapa shanofatsa ena ho nkuwa ha e khonehe, ngotswe ka mehloli e 'nile ea e tiisitsoeng e bolokiloeng. Ba tsosolosoa e ka potlako, haholo matlafatsa ramparts. Lekholong la hae nako e telele ho motse o ho pheta-pheta fetisoa ho tloha ka letsohong le ho nehelana pakeng tsa likhosana Serussia. Hamorao, ho elella ho la bo13 la lilemo, ho na le e ne e Gorodetsky principality, o neng o busoa ke mora oa Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nizhny Novgorod kenetse eona.

Histori ea motse, ka kakaretso ea tse ka fumanoa maqepheng a khale, e re mathoasong a lekholo la bo14 la lilemo, ho Principality tsa Gorodetsky feletseng fetile tlas'a bolaoli ba Vladimir khosana. Ho loanela ho sebakeng se mosolotogamaano aa ka a khaotsa: ka 1311 khosana ea Moscow Yuri hapa Nizhny Novgorod 'me a lema ho busa oa mor'abo Boris.

E leng 'musisi e ile ea nka ho fihlela ho shoa ha khosana ea. Ka 1320, motse oo o boela a kena ka rua Vladimir principality. Ka mor'a moo, historing ea Russia ho ile ha latela linako lefifi la tlhōlo, moo likhosana tsa Serussia le Mongol-Tatar bahlōli arotsoe linaha, kenya meeli e ncha thepa ka matšolo a sesole. Ho ne ho se ho fihlela lekholong la bo15 la lilemo, feela ka nako ena ho theha e batlang e tsitsitse, hoo e ka bang peacetime. Moscow Prince Vasily Ke ka tieo hapa motse ho principality hae. Ntoa senyang ne ke sa fela, empa a lekholo la bo16 la lilemo o ile a qala ho haha ho Kremlin Lejoe sebakeng sa lehong. Hona joale ke e kgolo khahloa bahahlauli bakeng sa badudi le baeti ho Nizhny Novgorod. Photos of motseng, ho na le maeto galore, empa le ka sehloohong ke qhobosheane. Ho ea ka nako ea kaho Lejoe Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin coeval tsa Moscow.

Semiboyarshina

Ka 1605, o ile a shoa Tsar Boris Godunov, 'me lefu la hae le ile makhetlo a tletseng likhathatso. Chefo honohela molaoli Skopin-Shuisky ka 1610 sa susumelletsa ho ea bohosana internecine ntoa, boemo bo aa ka a hlōleha ho nka sebelisa monyetla oa ho Gentry Poland. Ka Moscow, o ile a hlōla ho thoeng ke a supileng Boyars: ho etsa 'momori, The boyars naha o ile a lumela ho ea motse-moholo oa Poland King Sigismund.

Ka nako e tšoanang Nizhny Novgorod mahlabaphio ba etsa 'momori le Sweden molaoli Gustavus Adolphus,' me a ke a ho le mabotho a hae motseng oo. Ho joalo, Nizhny Novgorod ile sacked ka Moscow e ile ea namestnichat mora oa Poland King Sigismund, Vladislav. Boholo ba batho ba Russia ba korotlela puso ea linaheng tse ling, e ile ea fetoha molopolli oa Nizhny Novgorod.

Histori ea motse oo, e leng kakaretso ea mokhatlo oa tokoloho

Moscow ke ho motse-moholo 'me pelo ea naha, ho ne a se a onetse. Vladislav ripitla naha, tlōlo ea molao, flouted tumelo e tloaelehileng. Moscow boyars o ile a botsa Sigismund ho ba 'musi oa Russia, empa a hanyetsa Mopatriareka Hermogenes. O ile a ngola boipiletso 'me aa romela ho matlong a baitlami e. Ho na le ba ile ba fumanoa ke batho ba bangata - bala phatlalatso ka dikwere, ba ile ba o ile a fana pitso bakeng sa mokhatlo oa tokoloho. Hermogenes e haptjoang ka bahlomphehi 'me a shoa ka dungeons tsa tlala. Ha e le hantle sena se ile sa hlahisa bofetoheli telele-hola hore khahlanong le puso ea linaha tse ling.

Mateanong a mokhatlo oa qala ho Nizhny Novgorod: mohoebi Kozma Minin le sesole le sehlooho sa Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Ka February 1612 lebotho o tsoile ka ho lokolloa ha Moscow, tseleng lokolloa Yaroslavl 'me a ema moo ho fihlela ka August. Ho ea qetellong ea lebotho la lehlabula tsamaea ka Moscow, empa ho ne ho le hoo e ka bang letho, lipalo chesa motse. Bakiloeng tsa masole Poland ne e notletsoe ka Kremlin me ba 'na tshireletso ka China Town. Militia Dmitriya Pozharskogo itsohlometsa eaba China Town le o ile a kokota ka ntle lireng le. Mesaletsa ea bafutuhi Poland pata ka mor'a mabota a Kremlin. The thibelloa ha marako Kremlin nako e khutšoanyane, lipalo hlokomela ho felloa ke tšepo la boemo ba hae le ho inehela. Kahoo Minin le Pozharsky bolokoa Moscow le Russia ho tswa ho bahlaseli ka tšehetso e feletseng ea batho bohle.

toka e ba histori

The feat, ea Minin le Pozharsky, hammoho le lefatše lohle ea sechaba mokhatlo oa tlotlisoa Nizhny Novgorod. Photo kapa Moscow sefika ho Minin le Pozharsky tsebahalang mong le e mong moahi oa Russia. Nizhny Novgorod bokella chelete bakeng sa ba bang kaofela ba sefika lefatše ho bahale ea sechaba, e le hore ho kenya ka Nizhny Novgorod. Empa ho ne ho hlomamisoa ka Red Square ka Moscow, 'me Nizhny Novgorod ntšitse feela e obelisk, e neng e ile a qeta chelete ea batho.

Phethahatsa takatso ea baahi e ne e le feela ka 2005, ha Zurab Tsereteli lahleloa kopi ea Moscow sefika, 'me e ne ho hlomamisoa e le boholo ba lisekoere e ka sehloohong ea motse o joaloka Nizhni Novgorod. Photos of sefika sena hona joale e ka fumanoa hohle, baahi ba nka 'nete ena e le' nete ena ea histori le ke mabaka a utloahalang le motlotlo ka bahale bona.

The heyday ea motse

Ka mor'a nako e tletseng likhathatso naheng eo e fihla botsitso le tse thunyang qala Nizhny Novgorod. Ka mafolofolo ho ntshetsa pele kgwebo ya, kaho, temo, ho tšoasa litlhapi. A haha le mosebetsing, mesebetsi ea matsoho ile a fumana phefumoloho le lecha le sutumelletsa ho nala atile. Sena se ile sa go tlhofofadiwa ke tikolohong toropo le Makary toka. Peter I, ea ileng ka 1722 keteka sehopotso lona mashome a mahlano, a etsa qeto ea hore a phethe ka liphetoho. Joale ho ea pele, Nizhny Novgorod ea e-ba motse-moholo oa Nizhny Novgorod leng 'musisi. Ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, motse e ile ea bula famasi, sepetlele, khatiso, sekolong setjhaba le lebala la liketsahalo la pele Russia. Empa e le nako ea tshireletso naha e khahlanong le lebotho la Napoleon o.

Ntoa le Napoleon, ho chesoa ha Moscow entse motse le sebaka sa ho fedisa ea baahi ba bangata ba phahameng. Ka nako eo ho ne ho thoe motse-moholo o tla fetisetsa ho Nizhny Novgorod. Nakong ena, motse o ile a bula le selikalikoe dingolwa, eo ke mokokotlo oa Karamzin NM, Batyushkov kn dostupnost le tse ling tse ngata baetsi ba litšoantšo ba tummeng ba lentsoe. Nizhny Novgorod militia ho se nyeliso hopola Minin le Pozharsky le ka tsela e hlomphehang loantša ba tlil'o hlaseloa.

A le lilemo li khauta sa ntshetsopele le tlokomang ea Nizhny Novgorod ne e le hantle hore ea phetiso Makarevskoy fairs motseng oo. E ne e ka nako eo hore e e-ba tsejoang e le "pokothong Russia." Likhoeling tsa khoebo ka mong le e mong moahi letsoalloa ne qalang robong. Trades ka Nizhny Novgorod Fair bōpehileng joaloka theko ea machaba ea khauta, ka matlalo a boea, silevera le ho feta. Ka nako e tšoanang, mela e 'maloa ea seporo ba ile ba fuoa ho mokatong khoebo, eo a matlafatsa boemo ba motse,' me khoebo ea ipha matla e ncha e se e le lefatšeng. Mabenkeleng Arcade, 'me hona joale khabisa Nizhny Novgorod. Photo bontša botle ba thepa ea mohaho khale le ho pharalla ha ho haha. Fairground jareteng tse ikhethang.

Phetohelo le Great rata naha Ntoa

Phetohelo ha ho motho ea tla habonolo ho Nizhniy Novgorod, ka makhetlo a se secha ba tla hang-hang - ka hoetla ea 1917. Timetso 'musi oa Revolutionary matšoele Nizhny Novgorod ne Maksim Gorky (tsamaea), eo e leng letsoalloa moo. Hamorao, November 7, 1932, motse oo o rehoa motseng oa Gorky. Nako ka mor'a phetohelo ea 'me pele ho Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše o ne a tsebahala ka ho madirelong tsa sebakeng seo.

Ka May 1930 o ile a qala ho haha dimela ea koloi, 'me oa phethoa ka lilemo tse peli. Qalong, Gorky Automobile Plant (Gaz) hlahiswa lorries, qala ho hlahisoa ha likoloi tsa baeti ka likhoeli tse seng kae. Ka 1933, borokho ka mose ho Oka River hore botlalo link tse peli libakeng tse ling tsa motse, e nyenyane hamorao ka e tšoanang selemo, e ne e behiloe ka tshebetso borokho ka mose ho Volga.

Ho tloha ka 1941, lefapha lohle le matha ka bohale ba atamela Tlhōlo ena. Baithaopi ba ba romeloa ka pele. Ka mohaho ona o dimela hahoa 'me a beha ka tlhahiso ea theknoloji merero e ncha - likoloi armored. Nakong ea ntoa Linaheng tsa sebakeng Gorky hlahiswa ditanka, libetsa, lihlomo tsa, lokisetsa cadres sesole. Ho ka Gorky Automobile Plant lilemong tse ka mor'a ntoa e ile a qala ho "Tlhōlo" tlhahiso ea koloi tsomo.

Ka mor'a ntoa, bophelo motseng ho theha, ho ntshetsa pele indasteri, e ile ea e-ba motheo oa ho indasteri e itšireletsa. Ka lebaka lena, ka 1959 motse o ile oa fetoha koetsoeng ho ketelo le lula ba tsoang linaheng tse ling baahi le ke keng ea tšeptjoa batho. boemo ena e ile hulwa ka 90s ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ha motse o ile a khutlela lebitso la eona le tsa histori - Nizhny Novgorod. Photos of motseng, libaka tsa boholo-holo replenished seo a se finyeletseng le tlhōlo ea bankoko rona.

bokoli

Nizhny Novgorod e arotsoe literekeng tse robeli, o lutse ka bobeli dibanka tsa Oka. E leng karolo ea khale ea motse ke khoebo le setsi sa setso, e tsepame dibanka, liofisi, theater. Karolong e ka e ncha, e bitsoang District, concentrated likhoebo le liindasteri le libakeng tsa bolulo. Motse oo o ke lehae la batho ba fetang milione. Le be le Puisano pakeng tsa likarolo tse ling tsa motse ona ho fana ka marokho tse hlano, e mong oa bona jarelang Volga, 'me e mong e le borokho terene. bahahlauli ba ka kamehla ba le lebaka la ho etela Nizhny Novgorod.

histori ea motse le Turismo ba concentrated karolong e ka ea khale ea libaka ba motse ona e bulehileng. Baeti ba thabela ho bonts'a lebitso la lisekoere bohareng Minin le Pozharsky, memeloa ho tsamaea ka historing ka sehloohong seterata Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, hona joale o se a tsamaea. motse e tsoelang pele, ho eketseha le matla a liindasteri, haha matlo a macha le libakeng tsa bolulo. Ntshetsa pele dibaka tsa mocha oa tšebetso, ka mafolofolo ba tšehetsa ka bohahlauli.

Turismo

Mong le e mong ea bohahlauli batla ho bona lintho tse ngata kamoo ho ka khonehang ho ama libaka tse histori. Ka Russia bakeng sa bahahlauli tsoang linaheng tse ling le ho lona kamehla ho tla ba le ho hongata hoo ya mabaka a ho ipotsa, hlolloe. Le letlotlo la sebele bakeng sa ba batla ho tseba - Nizhny Novgorod. Photos ea motse le tsa maeto hore ho laola ho batla hangata ena khutšoanyane tsa ho tsamaea, ka hloko a sireletsa le ho thusa ho hopola mantsoe a tataiso kapa bao ba ba tloaetseng ka histori ea motse.

Perela ea Nizhny Novgorod ke Kremlin ea boholo-holo. Ka histori eohle ea teng, le ea mong oa bahlaseli ba ne ba sa ho laola ho hlōla. Kene Kremlin ka Dmitrovskie fumana liheke li fumaneha ka boholo ba lisekoere tsa Minin le Pozharsky. O lokela ho hang tsamaea hammoho le Chkalov litepisi. Ke boipelaetso litepising telele ka ho fetisisa ka Volga, ho na le mehato 560.

motse oa boholo-holo tsa litempele e tla makatsa le motsamai ea mehaho ea boholo-holo, tseo boholo ba tsona e sebetsang. Ka Nizhny Novgorod, ho na le 3 a baitlami: Mahaha le Annunciation - canal banna le baitlami Krestvozdvizhensky - e motšehali. Tempele phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa sebaka Volga, limithara tse 80, le Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, hape teng ka hare ho motse.

Ha ho ka tlaase ho moo thahasellisang le morao-rao tseo a li finyeletseng: le telele ka ho fetisisa kabel koloi e lahleloa ka mose ho Volga ka Nizhny Novgorod. Bolelele kakaretso ea limithara tse 3661, o ile a beha ho sebetsa ka 2012. Thahasellisang sebaka bakeng sa batho ba baholo le bana ba bang ke ntho e hloohoana musiamo tlasa bulehileng sepakapakeng. Ho kenoa mahala, u ka bona hore likoloi tsohle tse ka hare, ho bona hore na le sebetsa seo. A mangata thahasellisang le e sa lebelloang lokisetsa Nizhny Novgorod.

Histori ea bana ba tla bula ka musiamo, ho sa tsoa e tsosolositsoeng Manor Rukavishnikov. Le ea bohlokoa le: Musiamo oa Art, Khao Lak tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho ea sechaba, ho nka lifoto Russia Museum 'me ba bangata ea histori le setso libaka.

batho ba hlaheletseng ba

batho ba bōpiloe Nizhny Novgorod. Ka linako tse ling tse fapa-fapaneng a tsoalloa ho botaki moholo, bangoli, baqapi. E ne e hlahetse mona 'me o phetse Kulibin e tsebahalang mak'henike le moqapi. Minin le Pozharsky entse finyellang khanya sesole ea Russia. Motseng ona o motle hlahetse Lobachevsky, tsoekere, Ilyinsky.

Tlotlisitse motseng oa Nizhny Novgorod: mongoli Gorky motsamaisi Chkalov, motšoantšisi Eugene Evstigneev. bahale ba bangata ba e Moholo ho rata naha Ntoa ile a fana ka naha Nizhny Novgorod. Histori ea motse oo 'me lifoto tsa libaka tsa histori le ea phetseng mehleng le naha e tla boloka hopola bakeng sa baeti' me o tla excite le takatso ea ho kena hape.