Mosebetsi oa li-enzyme. Karolo ea li-enzyme 'meleng

Li-enzyme ke liprotheine tsa globula tse thusang mekhoa eohle ea lisele tsa lisele. Joaloka tsohle tse susumetsang, ha li khone ho fetola karabelo ea tsona, empa li sebeletsa ho potlakisa eona.

Sebaka sa libaka tsa libaka tse phelang sebakeng sa sele

Ka hare ho sele, hangata li-enzyme li na le li-organelle tse hlalositsoeng hantle. Ho ba teng ha li-enzyme sebakeng sena ho amana ka ho toba le karolo eo karolo ena ea sele e atisang ho e etsa.

Hoo e ka bang li-enzyme tsohle tsa glycolysis li fumaneha ka cytoplasm. Li-enzyme tsa potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid li matrix a mitochondrial. Lintho tse sebetsang tsa hydrolysis li na le lysosomes.

Litho tsa 'mele le litho tsa liphoofolo le limela ha lia tšoane feela le lihlopha tsa lik'hemik'hale, empa hape li fapane le mesebetsi ea tsona. Tšobotsi ena ea likarolo tsena e sebelisoa tleliniking bakeng sa ho fumanoa ke maloetse a itseng.

Hape ho na le lilemo tsa lilemo tse kenyelletsong le seteishene sa lik'hemik'hale. Li hlakile ka ho hlaka nakong ea tsoelopele ea 'mele ka phapang ea' mele.

Nomenclature ea li-enzyme

Ho na le mekhoa e 'maloa ea mabitso,' me e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nahanisisa ka thepa ea li-enzyme ho ea likarolong tse sa tšoaneng.

• Ntho e fokolang. Mabitso a dintho a fanoa ka matšoao a sa tloaelehang. Ka mohlala, pepsin (pepsis - "ho cheka", Segerike.) Le trypsin (tripsis - "hlakola", Segerike).
• Ho utloahala. Lebitso la enzyme e na le substrate le bofelo ba "-as". Ka mohlala, amylase e potlakisa hydrolysis ea starch (amylo - "starch", Segerike).
• Moscow. E ile ea amoheloa ka 1961 ke Komeshene ea Machaba ea Nomenclature ea Enzyme ho ea 5 ea International Biochemical Congress. Lebitso la ntho e entsoe ka substrate le karabelo e susumelitsoeng (e potlakileng) ke enzyme. Haeba mosebetsi oa li-enzyme ke ho fetisetsa sehlopha sa liathomo ho tloha molek'hule e 'ngoe (substrate) ho ea ho e' ngoe (mo amohelehang), lebitso la catalyst e kenyelletsa lebitso la lik'hemik'hale la mo amohelang. Ka mohlala, ha ho fetisetsoa sehlopha sa amino ho tloha alanine ho ea 2-oxyglutaric acid, enzyme alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase e kenella. Sehlooho se bontša:
• Substrate - alanine;
• Amohela - 2-oxoglutaric acid;
• Karabelo ea eona e na le sehlopha sa amino.

Komisi ea Machaba e ile ea ngola lenane la li-enzyme tsohle tse tsejoang, tse lulang li tlatsitsoe. Sena se bakoa ke ho sibolloa ha lintho tse ncha.

Kemiso ea li-enzyme

U ka arola li-enzyme ka lihlopha ka litsela tse peli. Ea pele e fana ka lihlopha tse peli tsa lintho tsena:

• E bonolo - e na le feela ea protheine;
• Moferefere - o na le protheine karolo (apoenzyme) le e seng protheine, e bitsoang coenzyme.

Karolo e seng ea protheine karolo ea enzyme e rarahaneng e kenyelletsa mavithamine. Ho sebelisana le lintho tse ling ho etsahala ka setsi se sebetsang. Molek'hule eohle ea enzyme ha e kenelle tshebetsong ena.

Lintho tse nang le li-enzyme, joaloka liprotheine tse ling, li ikemiselitse ka mokhoa oa tsona. Ho itšetlehile ka eona, li-catalysts li potlakisa feela liketso tsa tsona.

Mokhoa oa bobeli oa ho khetholla likarolo o arola lintho ho latela mosebetsi oo li-enzyme li sebetsang. Phello ke lihlopha tse tšeletseng:

• Oxidoreductase;
• Ho fetisa;
• Hydrolases;
• Isomerase;
• Li-Lyase;
• Ligase.

Lihlopha tsena li amoheloa ka kakaretso, ha li fapane feela le mefuta ea liketso tse laolang li-enzyme tsa tsona. Lintho tsa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng li fapane ka mokhoa. 'Me mesebetsi ea li-enzyme ka seleng, ka hona, e ke ke ea tšoana.

Li-oxidoreductases - ho fokotsa li-oxidation

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa lik'hemik'hale tsa sehlopha sa pele ke ho potlakisa ha lik'hemik'hale tse fokotsang lik'hemik'hale. Tšobotsi ea tšobotsi: bokhoni ba ho theha liketane tsa li-enzyme tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tseo li-electrone kapa liathomo tsa haedrojene li tsamaisoang ho tloha mohloling oa pele ho ea ho amohelehang ho qetela. Lintho tsena li arotsoe ho ea ka molao-motheo oa mosebetsi kapa sebaka sa mosebetsi ho arabela.

1. Li-aerobic dehydrogenases (oxidases) li potlakisa ho fetisetsa ha elektronike kapa liprotheone ka ho toba liathomong tsa oksijene. Banaerobic ba etsa liketso tse tšoanang, empa ka liketso tse etsoang ntle le ho fetisetsa ha elektronike kapa liathomo tsa haedrojene ho liathomo tsa oksijene.
2. Li-dehydrojenease tsa motheo li etsa hore ho tlosoe liathomo tsa haedrojene ho tswa ho motsoako oa oxidizable (substrate e ka sehloohong). Tse bobeli - ho potlakisa ho tlosoa ha liathomo tsa hydrogen tse tsoang substrate ea bobeli, li ile tsa fumanoa ka thuso ea dehydrogenase e ka sehloohong.

Tšobotsi e 'ngoe: ho ba motsoako oa lihlopha tse peli tse nang le li-coenzymes tse fokolang haholo (lihlopha tse mafolofolo), li ka potlakisa liketsahalo tse ngata tse fapaneng ka ho fokotsa lik'hilojene. Sena se finyelloa ka palo e kholo ea khetho: coenzyme e ts'oanang e ka kenela li-apoenzymes tse fapaneng. Ketsahalong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho fumanoa oxidoreductase e khethehileng e nang le thepa ea eona.

Ho na le ts'ebetso e 'ngoe ea li-enzyme tsa sehlopha sena, se ke keng sa hlokomolohuoa - se potlakisa ho phalla ha lik'hemik'hale tse amanang le ho lokolloa ha matla. Liketso tse joalo li bitsoa ho tepella.

Ho fetisoa - bajari

Li-enzyme tsena li etsa mosebetsi oa ho potlakisa liketso tsa limolek'hule tsa limolek'hule le lihlopha tse sebetsang. Ka mohlala, phosphofructokinase.

Ho na le lihlopha tse robeli tsa li-catalyst, tse thehiloeng sehlopheng se mamelletsoeng. A re hlahlobe feela tse ling tsa tsona.

1. Phosphotransferases - thuso ea ho tsamaisa litlhaka tsa phosphoric acid. Li arotsoe ka li-subclasses ho ea ka libaka (ho noa joala, carboxyl le tse ling).
2. Aminotransferase - e potlakisa ts'ebetso ea ho ntlafatsa amino acid.
3. Glycosyltransferase - ho fetisetsa lihlahisoa tsa glycosyl ho limolek'hule tsa phosphoric ester ho limolek'hule tsa mono le polysaccharides. Fana ka ho arohana le ho qaptjoa ha oligo kapa polysaccharides limela le liphoofolo. Ka mohlala, ba ameha ho senyeha ha sucrose.
4. Acyltransferases fetisetsa lihlahisoa tsa li-acid tsa carboxylic amines, alcohols le amino acid. Acyl-coenzyme-A ke mohloli oa bokahohle oa lihlopha tsa acyl. E ka nkoa e le sehlopha se sebetsang sa acyltransferase. Hangata, acyl acetic acid e fetisetsoa.

Li-Hydrolase - li khabisitsoe ka metsi

Sehlopheng sena, li-enzyme li nka li-catalysts bakeng sa liketso tsa cleavage (hangata hangata ea synthesis) ea lik'hemik'hale tsa metsi moo metsi a kenang teng. Lintho tsa sehlopha sena li ka liseleng le lero la lijo. Limolek'hule tsa li-catalyst ka pampiri ea moriana li na le motsoako o le mong.

Sebaka sa libaka tsena tsa maemo ke li-lysosomes. Ba etsa mesebetsi e sireletsang ea li-enzyme ka seleng: ba senya lintho tsa linaha tse ling tse fetisitseng le lera. Li boetse li senya lintho tseo ha li sa hlokahala ka lehare, tseo li-lysosomes li neng li bitsoa kalafo ea bongaka.

"Lebitso le leng la" bososo "ke ho ipolaea ha liselefouno, kaha ke eona sesebelisoa se ka sehloohong sa ho itšireletsa ha sele. Haeba tšoaetso e hlaha, mekhoa ea ho ruruha e qalile, lera la lysosome le fetoha leihlo 'me hydrolase e tsoa ka cytoplasm, e senya ntho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe tseleng ea eona le ho senya sele.

Arola mefuta e 'maloa ea lihlopha tsa sehlopha sena:

• Li-Estera - li ikarabella bakeng sa hydrolyse ea li-esters tsa joala;
• Glycosidase - potlakisa hydrolysis ea glycosides, ho itšetlehile ka hore na ke seqhomane sefe se sebetsang ho sona, secrete α- kapa β-glycosidases;
• Li-peptide hydrolases - li ikarabella bakeng sa hydrolysis ea likhama tsa peptide liprotheine, 'me tlas'a maemo a mang le bakeng sa ho qala ha tsona, empa mokhoa ona oa protheine e sa sebelisoe seleng e phelang;
• Li-amidase - li ikarabella bakeng sa hydrolysis ea acid acid, mohlala, ho senya li-catalyst ea ho senyeha ha urea ho ammonia le metsi.

Isomerase - molek'hule phetoho

Lintho tsena li potlakisa liphetoho ka har'a molek'hule e le 'ngoe. E ka ba geometric kapa ea moralo. Sena se ka etsahala ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng:

• Ho fetisoa ha liathomo tsa haedrojene;
• Tsamaiso ea sehlopha sa phosphate;
• Fetola ka tlhophiso ea lihlopha tsa athomo sebakeng;
• Tsamaiso ea maqhama a mabeli.

Isomerization e ka angoa ke li-acids, lihabohaedreite kapa amino acid. Isomerase e ka fetola aldehydes ka ketone mme, ka lehlakoreng le leng, mofuta oa cis o ka fetoha hape ka mokhoa o fetisisang le ka tsela e fapaneng. E le hore u utloisise hantle hore na li-enzyme tsa sehlopha sena li sebetsa joang, ho hlokahala hore u tsebe phapang pakeng tsa li-isomers.

Leshano li qhaqha

Li-enzyme tsena li potlakisa ho senyeha ha li-hydrolytic tsa metsoako ea lihlopha hammoho le litlamo:

• Carbon-carbon;
• Phosphorus-oksijene;
• Carone-sebabole;
• Nako ea naetrojene;
• Carbon-oksijene.

Tabeng ena, lihlahisoa tse bonolo tse kang carbon dioxide, metsi, ammonia li arohane, 'me likamano tse peli li koetsoe. Tse seng kae tsa liphello tsena li ka tsamaea ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-enzyme tse tšoanang li etsa hore mehato ea ho se bolaee feela, empa hape le metsoako, tlas'a maemo a loketseng.

Kemiso ea li-lyase e hlaha ho latela mofuta oa kamano eo ba e senyang. Ke li-enzyme tse rarahaneng.

Ligase ea crosslinked

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa lik'hemik'hale tsa sehlopha sena ke ho potlaka ha liphetoho tsa pele. Tšebetso ea bona - ho kopana ha pōpo le ho arohana ha lintho tse khonang ho fana ka matla a ho kenya ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea lintho tse phelang. Ho na le li-subclasses tse tšeletseng ho latela mokhoa oa puisano o thehiloeng. Tse hlano tsa tsona li tšoana le lihlopha tsa lyases, 'me ea botšelela ke boikarabello ba ho theha khokahano ea "nitrogen-metal".

Tse ling li kenyeletsa lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa tsa sele. Ka mohlala, DNA ligase e ameha ho pheta-pheta ha deoxyribonucleic acid. E senya khefu e le 'ngoe, ho theha litlamo tse ncha tsa phosphodiester. Ke eena ea kopanyang likarolo tsa Okaucasia.

Enzyme e tšoanang e sebelisoa ka matla ho liphatsa tsa lefutso. E lumella bo-rasaense ho roka limolek'hule tsa DNA likarolong tseo ba li hlokang, ho theha liketane tse ikhethang tsa deoxyribonucleic acid. Ba ka beha boitsebiso leha e le bofe, ka hona ba theha fektheri bakeng sa ho etsa liprotheine tse hlokahalang. Ka mohlala, u ka roka sekhechana sa DNA ka DNA e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho qala insulin. 'Me ha sele e tla phatlalatsa liprotheine tsa eona, ka nako e le' ngoe e tla etsa ntho e hlokahalang bakeng sa meriana. E ka tlosoa feela, 'me e tla thusa batho ba bangata ba kulang.

Karolo e khōlō ea li-enzyme 'meleng

Ba ka eketsa tekanyo ea likarabo ka makhetlo a fetang leshome. Hona ho hlokahala feela bakeng sa tshebetso e tloaelehileng ea sele. 'Me metsoako ea li-enzyme e ameha ho tsohle tse arabelang. Ka hona, mesebetsi ea li-enzyme 'meleng e fapane, joalo ka mekhoa eohle e etsoang. Ho senyeha ha mosebetsi oa li-catalysts ho lebisa liphellong tse matla.

Li sebelisoa haholo ka li-enzyme lijong, indasteri e bobebe, meriana: e neng e tloaetse ho etsa li-cheeses, sausages, lijo tsa makotikoting, ke karolo ea li-pouders tsa detergent. Li boetse li sebelisoa ho etsa lisebelisoa tsa lifoto.