Molala Anatomy: vertebrae, mesifa, methapo ea mali

batho molaleng - e le karolo ea 'mele, o tlohang hlooho' me 'mele. leliboho lona e ka holimo e qala ka sebaka se ka tlaase mohlahareng. The mele molaleng le fetisa ka ho hapa jugular tsa sternum le mofeng fetela le ka holim 'tlhōrōng ea clavicle ena. Ho sa tsotellehe boholo ba eona e fokolang, ho na le a 'maloa a dibopeho bohlokoa le litho tsa ka hare, e leng ba arohantsoe ke dinama tse nyenyane tse connective.

sebopeho

Haeba kaheho ea molaleng ka mokgwa kakaretso ke e tšoanang bakeng sa mong le e mong motho, sebopeho lona e ka fapana. Joaloka lekala le leng kapa e le karolo ea 'mele, e nang le botho bo lona. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ho peculiarities ya mmele wa motheo wa, lilemo, bong, le mekhoa e lefa. The cylindrical sebopeho - tekanyetso mofuta oa molaleng. Ka bongoaneng le monyenyane letlalo ena elasticity sebakeng, skintight lefufuru le dipeakanyo tse ling.

Ha ho sekamisetsa hlooho ho midline tsa molaleng ho hlaka hlalosoa mele le lenaka la lesapo hyoid, thyroid lefufuru - cricoid, tracheal. Tlase 'mele tse bonahalang fossa - e jugular hapa ya sternum ena. Ka hahe sebaka bohareng-hōlileng le tshesane mahlakoreng a mesifa ea molala ka habonolo boneng. Ho bonolo ho hlokomela le methapo ea mali haufi le letlalo.

molala human anatomy

Karolo ena ea 'mele e na le ka hare ho ka boeona lijana kgolo mali le methapo ea kutlo tse etsang hore e le habohlokoa hore makala batho bophelo le masapo. Ntshetswa pele tsamaiso e khopo mesifa etsa ho ka khoneha ho phetha mefuta e fapaneng ya mekhatlo ea hlooho. Mohaho ka hare tsa molaleng le bopilwe ka mafapha a kang:

• 'Metso - le seabo puong ea molomo oa motho, eo e leng mokoallo pele ho likokoana-hloko, o etsa tlhaeletsao mosebetsi ea tsamaiso tshilong ya dijo;
• larynx - phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho bua ka didirisiwa, tšireletso ea matšoafo;
• trachea - mokhanni moea ho matšoafong, e bohlokoa karolo ea tsamaiso ea matšoafo;
• thyroid tsoelesa - sehlopha sa tsamaiso ea endocrine hore hlahisa li-hormone bakeng sa ho metabolism;
• metso, - karolo ea ketane tshilong ya dijo sutumetsa lijo ho mala ho sireletsa khahlanong le reflux ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng;
• lesapong la mokokotlo - elements phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea batho, ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa ho le tsamaiso ea 'mele le mesebetsi ea reflexes ena.

Ho phaella moo, ka molala lekoa methapo, likepe tse khōlō ea mali le methapong. Ho na le vertebrae le lefufuru, dinama tse nyenyane tse connective le lera mafura. Karolo ena ea 'mele, ke kgokahanyo bohlokoa "hlooho - molaleng", ka lebaka leo e amahanya thapo lesapo la mokokotlo le boko.

ea molaleng

Khetholla pele le morao molaleng, hammoho le ba bangata ba reng "triangolo", tse feela ho metshetshe lateral tsa mesifa trapezius. Karolo e ka pele shebahala joaloka triangolo le hlohlolingoane botlaaseng. Ho na le mefokolo: Upper - tlaase mohlahare, tlase - e hapa jugular, mahlakoreng - metshetshe a mesifa sternocleidomastoid. Ntlha ea bohareng arola karolo ena ka tse peli medial triangolo: le letona 'me oa tsamaea. Ho na le boetse ho na le-lingual triangolo, eo ka eona a ka buleloa kena mothapo-lingual. Ho thibela pele hyoid mesifa, top - methapo ea kutlo hypoglossal, ka morao le ka tlase ho tendon tsa digastric, tse teng haufi le carotid triangolo.

Scapular-tracheal sebakeng fokolang scapular-hyoid le mesifa sternocleidomastoid. Ka triangolo scapuloclavicular, e leng karolo ea para ea triangolo lateral, e teng jugular Vienna, Vienna, le mothapo suprascapular le thoracic lisele tsa mmele difapho. The trapezoidal-scapular molaleng karolo e kathoko methapo ea kutlo le cervical mothapo ka ntle feela, 'me ka karolo e medial lona fetela le mothapo ho parola.

TŠIMO lere mesifa e interscalene le predlestnichnoe sebaka ka hare eo fetela le mothapo subclavian le suprascapular, Vienna subclavian le methapo ea kutlo phrenic.

Morao Front fokolang trapezoid mesifa. Mona ke ka hare carotid mothapo le jugular Vienna, hammoho le ho vagus, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, methapo ea kutlo le disebediswa.

masapo molaleng

The lenaneng la lesapo la mokokotlo le bopilwe ka 33-34 vertebrae le ea fetang 'mele' me motho ea ho mo sebeletsa tšehetso. Located hare thapo lesapo la mokokotlo, e kopanya periphery bokong 'me e fana ka phahameng ka ho fetisisa reflex mosebetsi. Lesapo la mokokotlo pele teng feela ka hare ho molaleng leo ka lona o na le e phahameng tsamaiso.

Cervical lesapo la mokokotlo li 7 vertebrae, tse ling tsa tsona ba 'nile ba bolokoa vestiges ba tsona li fused le dithulaganyo le ho parola. Karolo ea bona ea pele, e leng ka mekoting Moeli o, - moneketsela likhopo. cervical vertebral 'mele laterally o molelele o, ka tlase ho counterparts bona le se na le sebopeho saddle. Sena se fana ka cervical lesapo la mokokotlo ho fetisisa tsamaiso e le bapisoa le likarolo tse ling tsa lenaneng la lesapo la mokokotlo.

Mekoti vertebrae hammoho theha mocha eo o sebeletsa bakeng sa ho sireletsa le mothapo vertebral le mothapo. Sebaka sa temana ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo etsa selikalikoe ha vertebrae cervical, ho ke ke ho lekaneng e pharaletse ebile e tšoana le sebopeho kgutlotharo. dithulaganyo Spinous ba arohaneng, e le mona khomaretse e ngata likhoele mesifa.

Vertebra "atlelase"

Pele ba babeli vertebrae cervical ka sebopeho se fapaneng ho tswa tse ling tse hlano. Ho ba teng ha bona dumella motho ho phetha mefuta e fapaneng ya mekhatlo ea hlooho: sekama, swivel, ba chenchana. Origin vertebrae - lesale la dinama tse nyenyane tse masapo. Ho na le e selikalikoe ka pele ka karolo khonvekse ea eona e teng anterior lobe. Ka lehlakoreng le ka hare se fapane glenoid fossa ea bobeli cervical thulaganyou e vertebra odontoid.

Atlas vertebra e ka morao ea segopo o na le e nyenyane e hlaheletseng ho karolo - the ka morao hump. Superior articular thulaganyou e ka selikalikoe nkeloa sebaka ke glenoid fossa oval. Di tsamaisana le condyles tsa lesapo occipital. E le e ka tlaase e hlophisitsweng, articular ke likoting, tse amanang le vertebra hlahlamang.

a selekane

Bobeli cervical vertebra - selekane kapa epistrophe - a be le fapane odontoid teng karolong e ka holimo ea 'mele oa hae. Lehlakoreng ka leng appendages tse kopanetsoeng bokaholimo hanyenyane khonvekse sebopeho.

Tsena tse peli tse itseng bakeng sa sebopeho vertebral ke motheong oa molaleng tsamaiso. A selekane ka tsela eo o phetha karolo ea ho ba chenchana selekane le atlelase e huleloa hammoho lehata la.

Mesifa ea lesapo la mokokotlo cervical

Ho sa tsotellehe boholo ba ka toka nyenyane, ruileng motho molaleng mesifa ea mefuta e fapaneng. Mona ba concentrated le leseli, mahareng, tebileng mesifa lateral le sehlopha medial. morero oa tsona ka sehloohong sebakeng sena - tšoere hlooho, ho fana ka ho bua le ho engole.

Mesifa lumella ho boloka hlooho ea hae, ho filiming, ho ikatisa e engole le ho hema. Ho thibela ntshetsopeleng osteochondrosis bona ba lesapo la mokokotlo cervical le ntlafatsa phallo ea mali bokong.

molala fascia

Ka lebaka la ho se tšoane ha 'mele ea fetang sebakeng sena, le human anatomy ba molaleng fana ka maikutlo a ho ba teng ha lera connective hore lekanyetsang le ho sireletsa litho tsa, methapo ea mali, methapo ea kutlo le masapo. Ho e elements ea "bonolo" masapo phetha trophic le ho tšehetsa mesebetsi. Fascia tsoaka le methapong e mengata ea molaleng, ntle le ka tsela eo, ho ba fa intertwine le mong ho e mong, e neng e tla tšosa motho a ka tlōla ka outflow venous.

sebopeho bona e joalo e rarahaneng hore kaheho e ka litsela tse fapaneng tse hlalositsoeng ke bangodi ba. Nahana ka e 'ngoe ea classifications amohela, tseo fascia tlohang khetla arotswe:

1. Holim '- hlephileng, sebopeho e metle bounding platysma. Ho tsoela ho tloha molaleng ho ea sefahleho le sefuba.
2. Ipatlele - o khomaretse pele tlase ya sternum le clavicle, 'me ka holimo ho bone bone ya ntango le mandible,' me joale re susumelletsa ho sebakeng sefahleho. Ka lehlakoreng le ka morao molaleng e hokahantsoeng ke ho le thulaganyo spinous tsa vertebrae.
3. Aponeurosis scapuloclavicular - e shebahalang joaloka trapezoid, 'me e le tšekamelo pakeng mahlakoreng tsa mesifa omohyoid le lesapo hyoid,' me o arola sebaka pakeng tsa holim tlase ka hare tsa sternum, 'me clavicles tse peli. O koahela karolo e ka pele ea larynx, thyroid tsoelesa e le trachea. Ho ea ka midline tsa molala scapuloclavicular aponeurosis merges le fascia tsa lona, eaba ba etsa mola tšoeu.
4. Vnutrisheynuyu - se thatela makala tsohle ka hare tsa molaleng, ka nako e tšoanang e na le likarolo tse peli tse: ho visceral le parietal. Pele koala mong le 'mele le batho ka bomong,' me ea bobeli hammoho.
5. Peredpozvonochnuyu - fana ka koahela mesifa e telele ea hlooho le molala 'me merges le aponeurosis ena.

Fascia abelana le sireletsa likarolong tsohle tsa molaleng, ka tsela eo ho thibela ho "pherekano" likepe, methapo ea kutlo le mesifa.

maling

lijana molaleng fana ka outflow mali venous tloha hloohong le molaleng. Di hlahisa le Link le ka hare jugular mothapo. Mali phallang ka setshelo molaleng ka ntle ho sebaka sa tsebe le, letlalo holim 'a scapula le pel'a molaleng. Nakoana pele ho moo collarbone a amahanya le subclavian le ka hare jugular mothapo. Ea bobeli qetellong ba develops pele karolong e ka tlaase ea molaleng le e arotsoe methapong pedi brachiocephalic letona le le letšehali.

molala lijana, 'me haholo-holo ka hare jugular Vienna, ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho dithulaganyo hematopoiesis. Ho simoloha ka tlaase ea lehata e le e sebediswa ho jella mali a lijana tsohle tsa boko. melatswana lona ka molaleng le tsona: thyroid phahameng,-lingual sefahleho, ka ntle feela ya ntango, occipital Vienna. Ka molaleng fetela carotid mothapo, eo makala a ka sebaka sena ha ho joalo.

molala methapo ea kutlo akira theo gun

Methapo etsa diaphragmatic dibopeho molaleng, letlalo, 'me mesifa tse teng kopanong ea pele e mene vertebrae cervical. Ba theha e akira theo gun, e simoloha ho cervical methapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Muscle sehlopha sa methapo innervate mesifa li teng haufi le moo. Molaleng le mahetleng a ka pulse length khannoang. Phrenic methapo ea kutlo e ama motsamao oa la diaphragm, pericardium le pleura likhoele. makala Cutaneous fa phahama ushnomu, occipital, le lateral methapo supraclavicular.

lisele tsa mmele nodes

molala human anatomy le akarelletsa karolo ea tsamaiso ea lymphatic ea 'mele. Sebakeng sena, e entsoeng ka nodes tebileng le ka ntle feela. Ka pele ba bona ba haufi le mothapo jugular ka fascia ka ntle feela. Tebileng lisele tsa mmele nodes ka pel'a molaleng ke haufi le 'mele ea tsona kena ka lisele tsa mmele outflow,' me le bona ba na le lebitso e tšoanang (thyroid, predgortannye le m. P.). Lateral sehlopha sa nodes etsa retropharyngeal, jugular le supraclavicular, haufi le eo e teng ka hare jugular Vienna. Ka nodes tebileng lisele tsa mmele ka molala lisele tsa mmele drainage le hlaha a tsoang molomong, pharynx le tsebe bohareng le cavity nasal. Ho sa le joalo, e mokelikeli pele e ntse e feta ka nodes occipital.

molala Sebopeho - rarahaneng le e mong le millimeter ho nahanoa tlhaho. Sete ya methapo akira theo gun le methapo ea mali ea boko e amahanya mosebetsi le periphery. Ka karolo e 'ngoe e nyenyane ea' mele oa motho li teng hang-hang likarolo tsohle khoneha ya tsamaiso ea le makala: methapo, mesifa, methapo ea mali, lisele tsa mmele ducts le nodes, litsoelesa lesapong la mokokotlo, ho fetisisa "selefouno" lesapo la mokokotlo.