Mehlala ea mechine ea mekhoa e sa tšoaneng. mehlala ea pele ea mehaho e ncha

World mehaho ntshetswa pele tlas'a melao ea kereke 'muso o hlaheletseng. Residential meaho sechaba talima ba inyenyefatsang haholo, ha tempele e otla makoko hae. Mehleng e Bohareng kereke ba ne ba tlameha ho bolela e khōlō hore baruti e phahameng o ile a fumana ho tswa mmuso, ho phaella moo, ho ntša monehelo oa batho ba tla ka polokelong ea matlotlo kereke. Ka chelete ena, le likereke ho ile ha hahoa hohle Russia. Mehlala ea mehaho ea lehae ea nako eo setseng ho hongata ho lakatseha. Leha ho le joalo, ho tloha lekholong la bo18 la lilemo, boemo bo ile ba fetoha haholo. Churches le cathedrals ho ile ha hahoa se ntle botho tse sa hlokahaleng, empa estates lula, matlo a naha ea morena 'me esita le meaho libakeng tse hlomphehang ho tsoma haholo eketsa ho ntlafatso le botle. Style matlo, le mehaho ea meaho, literateng le mapatlelong di sa khaotse a ntlafala. Architects nkoa e le batho ba bangata ba a hlomphuoa.

Early Gothic setaele

mehlala e ikhethang ea mehaho ea boholo-holo - ka kerekeng e khōlō, eo ho ile ha hahoa ho tloha Bohareng ba lekholo la bo12 la ho libakeng tse e ka leboea ea Fora. Kholo ka ho fetisisa Gothic kerekeng e khōlō e ile ea hahoa ka Amiens, ka 1220. Hamorao e tšoanang Gothic kerekeng e khōlō e hahiloeng ka toropo Jeremane ea Cologne, kaho lona e ile ea phethoa ka 1248.

Ka e tšoanang le Gothic ka bo12 la - lilemo tse makholo bo14 ntshetswa pele le mehaho Romanesque Mehleng e Bohareng. Litsebi Setaliana ho haha mohaho o nang le marako botenya hlollang, ntlo eo e ke ho ena joaloka qhobosheane ea. Mehlala ea mehaho Romanesque - ka kaho tšoanang liqhobosheane sesole. The le litekanyetso tlaase e bile hlile bo le matla, ea bohlokoa, mokatong oa bobeli e ne e ena litora le turrets, potoloha le likhutlo li 'nè ba rera, kholo le tse nyenyane. litora tsohle ne e moqotetsane, phahameng lifensetere, bōpehileng joaloka battlements. mehaho Romanesque ka e Bohareng ho fihlela ho nako ea hae. Loanang mahosana jousting hlokahala ne e ke ke molemo loketseng tšireletso e atlehang ho tswa ho litlhaselo tsa sera, 'me lelapa qhobosheaneng liqhobosheane tsa morero ona.

mehaho ea boholo-holo

Ba boholo-holo, nako e ngata o ne a lefile ho kaho ea meaho ea sechaba. Bana e ne e le mehaho e hlollang etselitsoeng bakeng sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa e bontša batho ba bangata. Roma mang forum, e reretsoeng ho ba likete tse mashome bashebelli, ea boholo-holo marakeng Segerike, ke e kholo ea tse bulehileng sebakeng tlala batho ka ea letsatsi le letsatsi motheo oa, mesebetsi ea matsoho le bahoebi. The mehaho ea Egepeta ea boholo-holo e ne e fapane haholo ho tloha Roma, pele ho tsohle, hore ba-Egepeta ka mohla bongata ba ba likete ba bokana sebakeng se seng ka. histori ea Egepeta e le metse ka metso ka ho la bo15 la lilemo lekholong la lilemo la BC, ha mehaho e ne e le ea ka mofuta tlas'a maemo a. Meaho ile ha hahoa tsa lejoe la mokoetla le khubelu besitsoeng letsopa. About mekhoa ha ho letho le o ne a tsebahala ho Baegepeta ba boholo-holo ba ne ba sa ameha ka setaele meaho bona le hore na ho haha matlo e phahameng ho qoba likhohola tswa likhohola ea Nōka ea Nile.

e fana ka tiisetso

The mehaho ea Segerike sa boholo-holo e ne e le ka nako e ngata ba bua ka ho hahoa mehaho ea tempele, tse ling tsa tsona li ile tsa fihla mehleng ea rōna. Butle-butle ho ile ha totobala 'maloa meralo le mekhoa:

• Doric - Features ya, liforomo tse sa rarahanang e matla, esita le ba bang ba bona e boima-handedness. litšiea Doric ke ka lekolilo holim, grooves tebileng, extending ho tloha e le setsi ka tlaase ho lihlooho tse. The mela tshekaletseng ka Doric - architrave ena, eo e amahanya lenaneng la ho boemo ba abacus e, ka holimo fetela frieze e entsoeng ka le dikarolo tse peli - triglyphs le metopes. All hammoho foromo entablement eo surmounts gezimsom, cornice le bohlokoa kantle protrusion.

• Ionic odara - bapisoa ho ponderous Doric boholo fapaneng habonolo. Pontšo e ka sehloohong ea ho ba setho sa Ionic Hore ke motse-moholo oa curls lenaneng la e bōpehileng joaloka habeli volute Sepheo sa fatše. Hore Ionic e nkoa e le meralo setšehali setaele, ha a ntse a e hloekisitsoeng 'me a phaella mekhabiso. Ho na le e ne e le taelo e VI lekholong la lilemo la BC, ka Ionia, e lebōpong leboea-bophirimela ho Leoatle la Aegean. Lilemo tse lekholo hamorao, ho ata ho pholletsa le Greece ea boholo-holo. Mohaho ka sehloohong ka mokhoa Ionic - ke tempele ea molimotsana e Hera sehlekehlekeng sa Samos, e hahiloeng ka 570 BCE 'me e ile hang timetsoa ke tšisinyeho ea lefatše. Le mohaho oa ho fetisisa setaele ka Ionic Hore ke Tempele ea Artemise Efese - e mong oa "lintho tse hlollang Supileng ea World."

• Korinthe odara - ka ho fetisisa morao tjena, e fapaneng ho tloha tse ling tse makoko khethehileng. Litšiea ka setšoantšo le entablature tšoana le matšoao a ka Ionic odara, empa abacus le motse-moholo tse fapaneng haholo. Korinthe setaele feletseng ea le khabisitsoeng le, lihlooho tsa lona jwale merero Kukat ka pherimitha ya di mela e 'meli ea makhasi acanthus. Motse-moholo Hape adorns ngata khahla volyutok.

"Palladianstva"

Mathoasong a lekholo la bo18 la lilemo oa tšoauoa ke ho hlaha ha e mokhoa o mocha oa setso lefatše - classicism. Kamehla sebopeho, e hlakileng boqapi ba le boholo - tsena e ne e le ka litekanyetso tsa sehlooho tsa classicism meralo. A molateli ea tšepahalang oa mokhoa oa ho ngola boholo-holo oa mehaho ea tempele, le Venice mong'a Palladio le seithuti Scamozzi netefatsa khopolo ea hae ea classicism boholo-holo. thuto ea 'nile la bitsoa "palladianstva"' me ba ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka kaho ea matlo a poraefete. Style "classicism" ka mehaho e ne e le theknolojing e tsoetseng pele le ho mosebedisi-ba botsoalle ho latela moralo le kaho ea meaho.

Sunset mehaho "Baroque"

Ha e ntse e ile, litsenyehelo tsa ho ba mehaho etsoa ka mokhoa o mocha, e ne e le haholo ka tlaase. Meaho fapana brevity, "shapuoa tranelate" Late Baroque ntho ea nakong e fetileng, ka ditshwani classicism-axial sebopeho sa eona 'me e babatsehang thibelo ea mokhabiso di fumana Fans. connoisseurs European ea tsoileng meralo ne ba itokiselitse ho lahla baroque le rococo e dumellana le Moifo, le lintlha tsa sekolong, ee tseneletseng le elegantne classicism.

Ka nako, matlo a 'maloa ho ile ha hahoa tlas'a tataiso ea Andrea Palladio, e tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa tsa tsona e ne e le ntlo ea borena ea "Rotonda" haufi Vicenza. Style "classicism" kapele li atile ka mehaho. Paris e ka ho toba le tletse metsi le ea kaho. Tlas'a Louis XV emisoa kaofela meralo le mehahong, tse kang e Concorde. Le nakong ea puso ea Louis XVI "laconic classicism" ho e se e le mokhoa khōlō mehaho ea litoropo. Ka mor'a ho phetha tsa French King le liha marena le ka 1793, Paris o nako e telele le hahuoa ka lootho le inconsistently.

Mokhoa oa ho ngola meralo ea 'Muso

Ho ella bofelong ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo tse lekholo li classicism o ile a qala ho fokotseha, ho hlokahala nhat tsa setso kaofela ka kakaretso le mehaho ka likarolo tsa lona karolo.

Sebakeng sa classicism tlile setaele e ncha ka bonono le mehaho, e bitsoang 'Muso oa, e simolohile' me o ne a qapile Fora, nakong ea puso ea Napoleon I. The hlaha ha mokhoa o mocha e ne e le ka lebaka la ho se karolo e nyenyane ho mabaka a lipolotiki. 'Muso oa Napoleon Bonaparte o ile a leka ho qobella ba lona ho thoeng ke "' muso" mokhoa oa mehaho, ha e ile ha hlaka hore classicism e tla e haufi. Kamoo se hlomphehang le makoko Empire le mekhoa e meng eohle ea mehaho lekholong la lilemo la bo19 la lilemo ho tlakoloha ka ho phethahetseng ka agglomerates ntlo ea borena, empa kgatello e ntse e "borena" tataiso.

Ka mehaho Russia Empire bonahala nakong ea puso ea Alexander I, ea ileng a tšepahala ho setso French le nahana hore ba tšoaneloa ke emulation. Ha ho makatse hore moemphera memeloa meralo tsoang Fora, Auguste Montferrand, bakeng sa tsogelwa ea tummeng Cathedral St. Isaka. Style ka mehaho - the Empire - e ne e se junifomo foromo ea eona, e ile ea aroloa ea St. Petersburg le Moscow le e ile ea nka ho fihlela bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Ho phaella ho Cathedral St. Isaka, e hahiloeng ka 1858, St. Petersburg ho na le tsoileng matsoho e mong ka "borena" setaele ke Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, 'me ka Moscow "oa tlhōlo Arch". Russia setaele ka mehaho Empire - nako e mashome a mararo-selemo, kaho ea e tsoileng 'nete.

Meralo le maeto ea St. Petersburg

O mong oa metse hlaheletseng ka ho fetisisa le lefatseng la tsa bohlokoa meralo e motseng oa St. Petersburg, e ka Leboea ea Motse-moholo oa Russia. Ka lebaka la ho tswelopela la Russia le Bophirimela European boiphihlelo thero tsa litoropo ka XVIII - XIX lilemo tse makholo, ka St. Petersburg, e conglomerate buka e ikhethang e ile ea thehoa. motse o emeloang ke leshome le metso e mehlano e fapaneng mekhoa meralo le, e lumellanang polyphony eo baka e setšoantšong e ikhethang ea ho kopana ba linako tse 'maloa tsa histori tse ka' ngoe. Meeli ea epochs e sa ka ho hlaka se tšoailoeng, "thothofatsang", empa matšoao 'ohle a nakong e fetileng ba le teng.

Petersburg mehaho e kenyeletsa libakeng tse robeli tse ka sehloohong:

• Baroque "Peter", mathoasong a lekholo la bo18 la lilemo;
• Baroque "Elizabeth", e bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo;
• Gothic, halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo18 la lilemo;
• classicism, qetellong ea lekholo la bo18 la lilemo;
• Russia Muso o Moholo, mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo;
• Renaissance, bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo;
• eclectic, halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo;
• Art Nouveau, mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo;

baroque Petrose a - e sokolohela Setaliana le French Baroque. 'Maloa Artsy setaele ile ka amoheloa ke Peter ke le entourage ba hae. Leha ho le joalo, nako ea hore motho eo ea heyday tsa Baroque, e ne e le botsitso, lintoa tse ngata tsa ripitla polokelo ea matlotlo. Kaho ea meaho le lecha underfinanced, 'me e ne e ama boleng ba bona. Mokhoa oa ho ngola Baroque ile thontsweng feela mekhabisong ea, okediwa likarolo tsa sehlooho tsa mekhoa ea meralo le: ho pediments, pilasters le volutes, ho spiers ka holim'a teraka. interiors ba ne ba huloa ka lebaka la suite e, e haholo ho fokotsa litsenyehelo tsa ho ba ho haha. Petrine Baroque busitse St. Petersburg ho tloha 1703 ho 1740, ka mor'a lefu la moemphera ka 1725 Ketsahalo tlas'a konteraka ea ho Litsebi European hana, empa mosebetsi oa tsoela pele ka lilemo tse ling tse 15.

Ke mang ea nyolohetseng teroneng ka 1741, moruti, morali oa Peter ke Elizabeth o ile a batla ho centralize matla, ho phaella moo, o ne a tseba hore na ho botho, bokhabane, meketeng sumptuous le libolo. The mehaho ea sprawl tsa litoropo nakong ea puso ea Elizabeth ea e-ba traceable pomposity le pretentiousness, e le hore ka boeona e ho ile ha hlaha setaele "Elizabethan baroque". The meralo e khōlō ea nako eo e ne e le Bartolomeo Rastrelli, ba entse hore ho be le tsoileng matsoho oa mehaho ea bohlokoa lefatšeng - the Mariha Palace, teng ka Palace Square, e leng e boetse e tsejoa e "Hermitage" ka musiamong.

Lethathamo la mehaho, ha etsoa nakong ea puso ea Elizabeth ea baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741, moruti - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), ha e so bolokoa.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), ha e so bolokoa.
• Smolny Cathedral, e hahiloeng ka St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Tsamaea Palace ka Central Slingshot (1751 - 1754), ha e so bolokoa.
• The Catherine Palace e Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky tšepo (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany sesole sa metsing Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Ntlo Shuvalov seterateng Mataliana (1753 - 1755).
• Mariha Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Mansion Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), ha e so bolokoa.

Gothic St. Petersburg

Motse oo o ka Neva ke o mong oa metse fetisisa ikhetha ka lefatše leo setso e joalo tse sa tšoaneng. mehaho Gothic hlaha St. Petersburg ka 1777, ho ne ho Chesma Palace le Chesma Kereke. Joaloka tabeng le "baroque Petrose a", dibopeho tsena u se ke ua ka botlalo kopana le mokhoa oa ho ngola. likarolo Gothic mesebetsi e le thepa Link - mekhabisong, arches, multiple turret, spiers phahameng. Ho jara dibopeho mehaho o ile a etsa sebelisa leqheka la nolofalitsoeng. Ha e le hantle, e ne e le pseudo Leha ho le joalo lekholong la bo19 la lilemo sa palo e kholo ea likereke le mehaho boipheliso ho ile ha hahoa.

Mokhoa oa ho ngola meralo ea "classicism" e se e ntshetswa pele ka nako ea ho tloha 1760 ho selemo 1780. Petersburg ka nako eo e ne e loketse bakeng sa phetoho e. Building, e hahiloeng ka mokhoa oa classic, lumellane ka ho phethahetseng ka landschap litoropo. Har'a mehaho fetisisa hlokomelehang ke tse latelang:

• "Imperial Academy ea Fine Arts", e hahiloeng ka Vasilevsky Island ka lilemo tse 1764 -1788.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• The Hanging Gardens ea Hermitage Nyenyane (1764-1775).
• Armenian kereke (1771-1776).
• Mabole Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Meepo Institute ea Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism e neng e le pula-maliboho ea ho etela St. Petersburg tsa Serussia Muso. The fetola tataiso e hlahile bonoe ke motho. Ha mokhoa oa ho ngola meralo ea 'Muso e ne e le ka ho ya tlhokeho Fora e le karolo ea phetoho e potlakileng etsahalang ka hare ho naha. Ho bontša lakatsa ho kena lipolotiking tsa Napoleon le e-ba le letšoao la bophelo bo bocha bakeng sa French. A Russia Empire nkeloa sebaka sa classicism, ha ho letho le ho feta. Petersburg mehaho ntshetswa pele ka melao ea eona. A tshusumetso bohlokoa ka sebōpeho lona ne tlwaelo French.

Architecture & Photography

Kaho ea bolulo le sacral, matlo Manor le likereke, literonko le liofisi tsa ba ne ba le lapeng. sebopeho leha e le efe eo ke ea bohlokoa bophelong setjhaba ne e le ho na le makgetha a ho meralo. Ba bang ba matlo ba ne ba e hahiloeng ka latela ka tieo le aesthetics ea melao ea tsamaiso ea ho haha, ho meralo ba atisa ho khona ho finyella diphetho tsotehang. E tsoileng tsa bonono meralo ne rera, hobane lifoto ba ne ba sa leha ho le joalo ba teng. Photo bonono hlaha 'me a qala ho ntshetsa pele feela ka halofo e qalang ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Leha ho le joalo, hang-hang a khona ho nka sebaka sa setšoantšo ka photo photo photo photo. Architecture - e kamehla ea litšoantšo ho ena le rarahaneng, le shades tse ngata le melumo e le ntho e tloaelehileng ba ne ba sa ba fe tse daguerreotype, ka poleiti le fumana feela a bataletseng letheba le contour poteletseng. Le baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ile ba tsoela pele ho atamela.

Empa lilemo tse li ntse li feta, ba ntlafala setšoantšong, 'me joale ile a tla nako eo ha thepa ea mohaho leha e le efe e entsoeng khoneha ho Photograph. Architecture, ka nepo khale, ke " 'mino o hoammeng",' me ba bangata ka rata 'mino le bolokwa ka memoring ya ka mokgwa wa litšoantšo. Batho ba botsa khahlanong le semelo sa malapeng a bona kapa ho leka ho hula haufi bang meaho tummeng. mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea mehaho, eo foto na le lehae la nkoa foromo e ntle, o ile a ratoa. Ka matsatsing a pele ea ho nka lifoto, litšoantšo tse ngata e ne e le ka lelapa, kapa ka litšoantšo tsa meaho.

Mekhoa mehaho le mehlala

Mehlala ea meralo le mefuta e fapaneng ya mekhoa, e mong le e ba bona ba na le makgetha a ho kholiseha hore khethollang sebakeng seo, e tloaelehileng ea beng le nako eo ka eona mohaho ona ho ile ha hahoa.

Ka thoko, ka mekhoa tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ea mehaho ka fana ka mehlala e hahiloeng ka konkreite:

• Empire - "Arch ea General Staff" St. Petersburg e Palace Square (1819 - 1829), meralo Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Boraro-bo-Cathedral ka Alexander Nevsky Monastery" (1776 - 1790), ea meralo ea khale. St. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), meralo sethoathoa, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" St. Petersburg, ka Nevsky tšepo (1752 - 1754), meralo Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - The Cathedral "Santa Maria Lak Fiore" ka Florence (1417 - 1436), meralo Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "Ntlo ea Singer" St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904), meralo Suzor.

Mehlala ea mehaho e tiisa ntshetsopele ya mefutakwalo tse sa tšoaneng ka lilemo tse makholo.

mehlala ea pele ea mehaho ea kajeno

Kajeno, lefatše le na le Litsebi tse lekaneng ho bōpa ba sebetsana le merero ultramodern. merero e meng tse feela utilitarian tlhaku, empa ho na le ba tse ka bitsoa pele. Ka mohlala, Japane, ka ho tloaeleha lapeng ka libolo ena. E le naha ea letsatsi le bochaba ke tšisinyeho ea lefatše, e Litsebi Japanese o ile a qala ho beha matlo a ka libolo kgolo entsoe ka lintho tse bonahalang haholo tsoarellang. Kahoo, nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše ntlo feela e qala ho ballon, liphetoho reketla ka ke tsa ntša kotsi leha e le efe ho eena.

Ho na le mehaho e ea pele, e leng ka lebaka la moralo mehopolo pōpo. E tummeng Spain motse oa Barcelona, eo ka nepo Ranked pele lefatšeng ka palo ea meaho ea pele, Litsebi li bōpileng tsoileng matsoho e 'ngoe. Ena ntlo, flipped "thulametse". Mohaho o eme ka marulelong 'me e sa tloaelehang tse khahlisang lona bahahlauli.