Maoatleng: bothata. The bothata ba tšebeliso ea maoatle

Ocean - the belehoa oa bophelo, e le mohloli oa oksijene le boiketlo ba batho ba bangata. Ka lilemo tse makholo maruo lona ne keng tsa fela, 'me e le ba linaha tsohle le batho. Empa lilemong tsa bo-mashome a mabeli e beha tsohle sebakeng sa eona - ne mabopong leliboho libaka, melao ea likepe e name ho, mathata le tharollo khoneha.

likarolo tse ea molao ea ea tšebeliso ea matlotlo a leoatle

Ho fihlela seventies ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli, ho ile ha fumanoa hore maoatleng ho matleng a leruo tsohle le ditlaleo paballo ya naha ya mabopong States ka lelefatsa se fetang tse tharo nautical limaele. Molao, molao o ile a re, empa ha e le hantle, e re ba bangata ba boletse ditlaleo bona ka sebakeng se seholo leoatleng, ho fihlela ho ba lik'hilomithara tse makholo a mabeli nautical ho tloha lebōpong la leoatle. The bothata ba tšebeliso ea maoatle e se e fokotsehile ho etsa hore chelete e ngata ka ho fetisisa ho sebelisa hampe ho ka libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle tsa moruo. e re ba bangata ba o ile a re bobusi ba fetang masimong ea likepe e name le tlhaselo ea batho ba nkoa e le trespassing. Kahoo, le bothata ba ho ntshetsopele ya maoatle, ho sebelisa menyetla lona tobane mercantile lithahasello tsa e re motho.

Ka 1982, ho Conference ile se neng se tsoaretsoe ka Molao oa Leoatle le, e neng e tšoaroa ka mo tlase ga ea Machaba a Kopaneng. Ho bua le mathata tsa motheo tsa maoatle. qeto eo o ile a isoa ka lebaka la matsatsi a mangata ba lipuisano hore leoatle - ke lefa la le tloaelehileng la batho. Ka re ho secured dvuhsotmilnye libakeng tse lebōpong la leoatle a moruo hore linaha tsena ba na le tokelo ea ho sebelisa bakeng sa merero ea khoebo. libaka joalo a moruo a hapa etsang liphesente tse 40 ka kakaretso libaka ea metsi. Botebong ba leoatle bulehileng, matlotlo a lona a tlhaho le mehlodi ya moruo ne a phatlalatsa thepa e tloaelehileng. Ho hlokomela ho latelwa le dipehelo tsa litho tsa komiti ena e khethehileng e se e thehilweng ho laola tšebeliso ea ka libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle a moruo, e neng e arotsoe maoatle. The mathata a hlahang ka tshusumetso batho ka tikoloho Marine, e lokela ho a bua ka mebuso ea bona. Ka lebaka leo, molao-motheo oa bolokolohi tšebeliso ea maoatle phahameng ha e sa sebelisoa.

Ho ke ke ha khoneha ho feteletsa bohlokwa ba tsamaiso ea lipalangoang ho maoatle Lefatše. Global mathata amanang le thepa le ho tsamaisa baeti ba etsa qeto ea ka ea ho sebelisa makhotla a khethehileng, 'me mosebetsi oa ho tsamaisa oli le khase - ka kaho le meralong feela.

tshebetso meepo khanna ka liluloaneng ea linaha tseo e lebōpong la leoatle, haholo-holo e tlhokomelwa fela thata pele mobung oa khase le oli. Metsi a leoatle a na le plurality tsa ditharollo tsa letsoai, tšepe tloaelehang le metsoako manyolo. Huge concretions - khobokellane mehloli ea lirafshoa seoelo lefatšeng, tšepe le mankanese - leshano le mokatong oa leoatle e tletse metsi. The mathata a matlotlo a leoatle bopilwe ka mokhoa oa ho fumana mehlodi ya bana ba tsoang har'a leoatle ntle senya tikoloho ena. Qetellong, tlase theko hlongoa desalination ka rarollang bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa la mathata a batho - ba khaello ea metsi a nooang. Ocean metsi ke solvent babatsehang, kahoo maoatle sebetsa e le semela haholo bakeng sa sebetsana litšila ea lelapa. A leoatle tides di ka katleho a sebelisa ho hlahisa PrES motlakase matla.

Ho tloha ka nako immemorial, leoatle ho fepa batho. Tse qotsitsoeng ea litlhapi le la morue, leoatle le ho bokelloa morue - Crafts ea boholo-holo, e leng ile ha hlaha ka meso ea tsoelo-pele. Ho tloha ka nako eo, lisebelisoa le melao-motheo ea ho tšoasa litlhapi ba e-s'o fetohe. Taba ea bohlokoa ke e eketsehileng feela tekanyo e fana ka tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa phelang.

Le sena sohle ke tšebeliso e tletseng matlotlo a leoatle haholo tshusumetso ka tikoloho metsing. Ho ka etsahala hore ea mohlala e pharaletseng a moruo moo haholo ho fokotsa matla a ho ho intša tlhoekiso le botjha ha thepa ea litšila. Ka hona, bothata ea lefatše lohle ea ho sebelisoa ha maoatle ke ho ka hloko sebelisa hampe tsohle ho eona, ho moloko oa batho, e seng degrade ha bophelo lona tikoloho.

likarolo tse tikoloho ya tshebediso ya mehlodi ya leoatle

Maoatleng - le senatla oksijene jenereithara ka tlhaho. Mohlahisi oa ka sehloohong la sena lik'hemik'hale elements bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo li nyenyane putsoa-tala dimelametsing. Ho phaella moo, leoatle - ba filtara matla ka ho fetisisa, 'me ka vacuum cleaner teraka, eo tšebetso le ditlhare di lihlahisoa mantle a batho. The hloleha la mochine ona o ikhethang tsa tlhaho tsa ho sebetsana le ho lahla mantle a - ea sebele bothata tikoloho. tšilafalo leoatle World le hlaha maemong a mangata ka lebaka la motho eo.

Lisosa tsa sehlooho tsa tšilafalo ea leoatle:

• tlhoekiso tšoanelehe ile a utloa bohloko ka ho metsi a litšila liindasteri le malapeng linōkeng le leoatle.
• Metsi litšila kena maoatleng ho tloha masimo le meru. Ba na le menontsha tseo ho leng thata ho bola ka tikoloho metsing.
• Kgotlhela gongwe - kamehla replenished lepato qetellong ea maoatle le maoatle ba kgotlelo tse sa tšoaneng.
• Dutla mafura kapa oli e le mefuta e fapaneng ya leoatle le noka lijana.
• Pheta ho hlōleha ha lipeipi, matha kwa tlase.
• Lithōle le litšila sephetho ho tswa ho tse qotsitsoeng oa liminerale ka libaka raka, athe le ka leoatle le.
• Sediments nang le ntho e kotsi.

Haeba u lata contaminants sohle seo sokela ho maoatle ba lefatše, re ka khetholla bothata tse hlalositsoeng ka tlaase mona.

kgotlhela gongwe

Ho kgotlhela gongwe bitsoa gopotswa a moruo moo batho litšila ka maoatleng. mathata a tikoloho a hlaha ka lebaka la ho e overabundance ea litšila joalo. lebaka la hore mofuta ona wa litšila e tloaelehile 'nete ea hore metsi a leoatle o na le makgetha a ho phahameng dissolving. Marine Graves tlas'a matlakala meepo le liindasteri metallurgical, litšila ba ntlo, ho haha lesupi, radionuclides eo hlaha mosebetsi nyutlelie, lik'hemik'hale, ka likhato sa tšoaneng tsa toxicity.

Nakong ea temana ea contaminants metsing karolo e itseng ea litšila e qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a leoatle le fetola lik'hemik'hale tsa lona sebopeho. Ho sebeletsa pepeneneng e tobane le, ho ba mojaki ho mmala ea hae 'me monko. Tse setseng contaminants phatsa li beha ka leoatle kapa leoatle mokatong. mobung joalo fella ka hore ea ho hlophisoa fapana mobu ka tlaase, ho na le metsoako kang sulfide hydrogen le ammonia. Ea phahameng le dikahare tsa dintho manyolo ka sephetho leoatle metsi ka sitiswa ea ho leka-lekana le oksijene, e leng akarelletsa le ho fokotseha ha palo ea microorganisms le dimelametsing tse sebetswa le litšila. dintho tse ngata theha filimi holim'a metsi, e leng ho sitisa le phapanyetsano khase ka metsi-moea. Kotsi dintho qhalwa ho ya ka metsi, le tšekamelo ea ho ipokellela ka 'mele ea lintho tse phelang metsing. Baahi ba litlhapi, crustaceans le molluscs ba fokotswa, 'me' mele o qala ho mutate. Ka lebaka leo, le bothata ba ho sebelisa maoatle ke hore thepa ya tikoloho metsing ka tsela e atlehang e sebelisoa e le senatla sa mochine botjha ha thepa.

Ho silafatsoa ke lintho tse ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi

Radionuclides - dintho hore hlaha ka lebaka la limela matla a nyutlelie. Maoatleng tšepe setshelo polokelo, eo e na le litšila haholo ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi matla a nyutlelie. lihlopha Transuranium ntho dula a sebetsang a ka lilemo tse likete tse 'maloa. Leha litšila haholo kotsi ba tsa phutheloa ka lik'hontheinara tiisitsoe, ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi ho silafatsoa kotsi ntse phahameng haholo. ntho ho tloha eo lik'hontheinara li entseng, kamehla a pepesa hore a nke khato ho ba metsi a leoatle. Ka mor'a nako e itseng o ile a lumella ho phalla bokgoni, le dintho kotsi tse ngata tse nyenyane, empa kamehla oela maoatle. Mathata reburial la litšila tse lefatše tsa tlhaho: latela lipalo-palo, ka eighties tsa tlase tebileng tsa depositi a ile ka 7 likete tse boima ba lithane dintho kotsi .. Jwale, tšokelo e bakoang ke litšila tseo tse neng li patiloe ka metsi a maoatle ho lilemo tse 30-40 fetileng.

Silafatsoa le dintho tse chefo

lik'hemik'hale tse chefo kenyeletsa aldrin, dieldrin, DDT mefuta, tse ling derivatives chloride-e nang le likarolo. Libakeng tse ling, ho na le ke e phahameng mahloriso ea arsenic le zinki. maoatle le maoatleng tšilafalo boemo ba detergents ke hape worrisome. Detergents ba bitsoa surfactants, e leng karolo ea lik'hemik'hale ea lelapa. Hammoho le phallo ea linōkeng, metsoako tsena oela maoatleng, moo tshebetso ya botjha ha thepa etsahalang ka lilemo tse mashome. Mohlala malimabe ea mosebetsi phahameng ea lik'hemik'hale mahlahana a ntoa e le boima ho fela linonyana theoha Ireland. Ha e ntse e ile, lebaka lena o ile a sebeletsa polihloridfenilovye metsoako eo oela ka leoatleng hammoho le metsi a likhoerekhoere liindasteri. Kahoo, mathata a tikoloho ea maoatle 'me la ama lefatše oa baahi ba tsa lefatše.

Silafatsoa le tšepe e boima

Sena se haholo-holo lebisa, cadmium le mercury. thepa lona chefo ea lirafshoa tsena dula ka lilemo tse makholo. likarolo tsena tse pharaletseng sebediswa ho indasteri e boima. Ka lifeme le Mills ho na le dithekeniki fapaneng ho hloekisa, empa, ho sa tsotellehe sena, ba bangata ba dintho tsena kena monya metsi ka leoatleng. Bakeng sa lintho tse phelang metsing eachother tšokelo e khōlō ea mercury le loto. Litsela tsa sehlooho tsa ho ba kenya leoatle - litšila liindasteri, exhausts tsa likoloi, mosi le lerōle la likhoebo le liindasteri. Ha linaha tsohle utloisisa bohlokoa ba ho bothata bona. Maoatleng ke sa khone ho sebetsa tšepe e boima, 'me ba oela dinama tse nyenyane tse ea litlhapi, crustaceans le molluscs. Kaha ba bangata ba libopuoa tse leoatle tse maikemisetso a ho tšoasa litlhapi, tšepe e boima 'me metsoako bona oela lijo ho batho, a etsa hore ho kula haholo, e leng u se ke ua lula ho arabela kalafo.

Tšilafalo ke oli le oli lihlahisoa

Oli - ke rarahaneng manyolo k'habone komponeng, e mokelikeli boima lefifi sootho mmala. The mathata a ka ho fetisisa tsa tikoloho ea maoatle e bakiloeng ke spills oli. Ka eighties tsa leoatle ba hlaha tonnes ka bang limilione tse 16. Sena se emeloang 0,23% ya tlhahiso ea lefatše ea oli ka nako eo. Hangata ka ho fetisisa sehlahiswa kena leoatleng ka lesoba tloha meralong ea. Phahameng concentrations tsa oli hammoho le thomello phathahanyang tsamaeang leoatleng. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go maemo a tšohanyetso a etsahala ka likepe ho tsamaisa, draining le e phallang ea tsitsisang metsi likepeng mose. Benghali ba likepe ba na le boikarabelo ho thibela boemo bona. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, mabapi le mathata a hae. Maoatle le silafetseng ke khukhuneloa ha sehlahisoa sa mobung pele - hobane palo e khōlō ea platforms teng ka a liluloaneng le ka maoatle phahameng. Matlakala metsi o etsoang ka leoatleng, mokelikeli liindasteri lesupi, ka tsela e joalo ka metsi a leoatle a bonahala ka bang limilione tse 0.5 boima ba lithane tse ka selemo.

Sehlahisoa leoatle metsi qhalana butle. Pele, ho ata holim 'lera mosesaane. Litene oli filimi ho kenella ka hare ea mahlaseli a letsatsi le oksijene ka metsi leoatle, oo ka oona mocheso phetiso e bo ntse bo mpefala. sehlahiswa bopa emulsions metsi pedi - le "oli ka metsi" 'me "metsi ka oli". Bobeli emulsions tse manganga haholo ho litšusumetso Link; matheba thehoa haufi le bona, na le bolokolohi ba ho fallela ka mose ho leoatle ka thuso ea maqhubu a leoatle, rarolla ho dikarolo tlase le beaching. Ho timetsoa ha emulsions joalo, kapa bōpa maemo a bakeng sa ho sebetsa ka ho eketsehileng - sena ke e boetse e tharollo ho rarolla litaba tsa leoatle ka moelelo oa tšilafalo oli.

mogote tšilafalo

mogote bothata tšilafalo e ka tlaase ho moo bonahaleng ka tlhaho. Leha ho le joalo, ha nako e ntse e fetola mocheso ho leka-lekana maqhubu 'me metsi a lebōpong la leoatle roba lipotolohong bophelo ba lintho tse phelang metsing, e leng e le morui, maoatle. The mathata a lefatše amanang le ho futhumala ha, tsoa 'nete ea hore e phahameng metsi mocheso e lokolloa ka likhoebo le dimela matla. Mokelikeli tsidifatso ke likoluoa tsa tlhaho mohloding fapaneng dithulaganyo. The bokima jwa metsi halefile sitisa tsamiso ya ho mocheso tlhaho ka tikoloho leoatleng, e leng haholo ho fokotsa boemo ba oksijene le dikarolo e ka tlase ea metsi. Ka lebaka leo, ba qala ho bakang dimelametsing le anaerobic libaktheria, eo ke le boikarabelo ba ho e lokisa ya dintho manyolo.

Mekhoa bakeng sa ho rarolla mathata a maoatleng

Global oli tšilafalo e qobelloang 'maloa a libokeng mebuso ea matla le ea likepe e name, amehang mabapi le kamoo ho boloka maoatle. Mathata a ile a qala ho apara liaparo tse sa tlhaho kotsing. Le bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo mashome a mabeli, e le palo ea melao ea hore theha boikarabelo bakeng sa polokeho le hloekileng metsi a libakeng tse mabopong. mathata a lefatše la maoatle karolo e 'ngoe ile a etsa qeto ea Conference London ka 1973. tharollo lona hloka mong le e mong sekepe ho ba le e loketseng ho tse machaba lengolo tiisang hore mechine tsohle, thepa le mekgwa ya ba le boemong bo botle, le sekepe hore lifapano leoatle, le se ke ba ntša kotsi tikolohong. Liphetoho ho ile ha etsoa le likoloi kaho jereng oli. Melawana e ncha hloka likepe tsa oli ea kajeno ba le ka tlase habeli. O ne a ka ho feletseng thibetsoe draining metsi silafetseng tloha likepe tsa oli oli, ho hloekisa likepe joalo lokela ho ho phethahatsoa ka koung ea lintho tse khethehileng. Empa morao tjena, bo-rasaense ba qapa emulsion khethehileng hore hloekisa likepe tsa oli oli ntle kgotlhela gongwe metsi silafetseng.

A Metsi spills phoso oli ka e felisoe ka thuso ea skimmers phaphametseng oli le litšitiso tse fapa-fapaneng lateral.

mathata a lefatše la maoatle, ka tšilafalo khetheha oli, hapa tlhokomelo ea bo-rasaense ba. Ka mor'a sena u lokela ho etsa ho hong. Liquidation tsa spills oli ka metsing - bothata o ka sehloohong oa maoatle a lefatše. Solutions ho bothata bona kenyeletsa mekhoa e 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale. Se, foams tse sa tšoaneng le tse ling tse dintho unsinkable hore ka bokella ka 90% matheba le. Ka mor'a moo lintho tse bonahalang tse tsetsoeng moriana o bokella oli, sehlahiswa e sutumelletsa e tsoa ho eona. Le dikarolo ea thepa e joalo ka 'na ea sebelisoa ka makhetlo-khetlo, ba na le theko e ho lekaneng tlaase le e sebetsang haholo ka ho bokella oli ho tloha sebakeng seo se seholo.

Bo-rasaense ba Japane ba qapile lithethefatsi e thehiloeng raese likhoele. ntho ena e tse nyanyalitsoeng ka sebakeng oli qhalana le lata oli tsohle ka nakoana. Mora le literata ena ea lintho tse bonahalang tse tsetsoeng moriana le sehlahiswa, o ka fumana e tlwaelehileng ho tšoasa litlhapi ka letlooa.

E mokhoa thahasellisang ile ntshetswa pele ke bo-rasaense ba American ho felisa matheba ba leng Leoatleng la Atlantic. Tlasa qhalana oli e theolela tšesaane ceramic poleiti khomaretse elements mexri. vibrates qetela, oli bakoang ke sebōpeho mafura 'me a qala ho gush holim'a sefofane ceramic. oli le metsi a ditshila seliba e epelaki ke jwale motlakase sebelisoa ho poleiti e. sehlahisoa sa ka tsela eo combusted ntle baka kotsi efe kapa efe ho tikoloho.

Ka 1993, molao o ile fetile hanelang lero le ka leoatle la litšila mokelikeli ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi (LRW). Projects bakeng sa sebetsana litšila joalo e se e ntshetswa pele ka bohareng ba bo-90s ea ho tse lekholo tse fetileng. Empa ha e le foreshe kgotlhela gongwe ya matlakala mokelikeli ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi e thibetsoe ka molao, ho bolokoang thepa e rekisoang ea khale ea lintho tse sebelisoang ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi, e phomola ka mokatong leoatle ho tloha 50s bohareng, le bothata bo tebileng.

diphetho

tšilafalo khōlō tse eketsehileng monyetla oa hore lirafshoa tse ateloa maoatle. Mathata a amanang le paballo ea lipotoloho tsa tlhaho le lintho tse phelang tikolohong eo hlokang le ho etsa liqeto ka potlako le nepahetse. Mehato nkoa ke bo-rasaense le mebuso ea linaha tse e etellang pele ea lefatše, bontša takatso batho ho boloka leruo la maoatle bakeng sa meloko e tlang.

Lefatšeng la kajeno le sa tshusumetso batho ka potoloho ea tlhaho e le tsa makhaola-khang, kahoo mehato efe kapa efe ea khalemelo e hlophisitsweng, anthropogenic e lokela ho ba ka nako e loketseng le ho lekaneng ho e sireletsa tikoloho ea tlhaho. A karolo ea khethehileng ho ithuta tshusumetso batho ka leoatleng phetha go baya leitlho ea kamehla, e thehiloeng hlokometse'ng ka nako e telele ya phelang e phelang bitsoa Leoatle la World. mathata a tikoloho hlahang ho tloha tsohle mefuta ya tshusumetso batho ka sepakapakeng sa metsi, ho ithuta ekolotsi metsing.

Ho se tšoane mathata hloka selelekeleng melao-motheo ea junifomo ea mehato neng li tloaelehile hore ba lokela ho ho nkoa ka ka nako e tšoanang dinaheng tsohle tse amehang. Tsela homolog oo baahi ba Lefatše tla kgona ho rarolla mathata a tikoloho ea leoatle le ho thibela tshilafalo ya lona ka ho eketsehileng, - ho thibela polokelo ya dintho kotsi leoatleng le ho bōptjoa ha tlhahiso ea litšila koaloa potoloho. Sokoloha ha litšila le kotsi ka mehlodi ya ho molemo, ho feletseng e ncha ho hlahisoeng thekenoloji lokela ho rarolla bothata ba tshilafalo ya ya metsi a leoatle, empa le tla nka lilemo tse mashome ho mehopolo tikoloho sebelisa.