Ke maemong afe moo ts'ebetso ea ho qhalana e etsang hore e se ke ea utloahala?

Lik'hemik'hale ke pokello ea liathomo tse amanang ho latela molao o itseng, ka ho nepahetseng, e mong le e mong oa bona ke tsamaiso e nang le nuclei le elektronike. Haeba tsamaiso e na le mofuta o mong oa athomo, joale e ka bitsoa nuclear-system, haeba e le mefuta e fapaneng ea liathomo, joale e se nuclear. Tsamaiso ena ea motlakase ha e nke lehlakore. Ka lebaka la tšusumetso e ntle (mocheso, khanya, mahlaseli kapa limolek'hule tsa polar solvent le dipole polarization), lik'hemik'hale tse senyehang tsa lik'hemik'hale. Li-cations le li-anion, tse senyehileng ke limolek'hule tsa limolek'hule tsa polar solvent (metsi) tsa taba (elektrolyte), ha li sa nkile motlakase. Tsamaiso leha e le efe e atisa ho lekanngoa. Ho sebelisa mohlala oa li-electrolyte tse fokolang, ho ka bonoa hore liphetoho tsa ho ikarola li khutlisetsoa. Bakeng sa electrolyte e matla, polelo ena ha ea nepahala, kaha limolek'hule tsohle li arohana ka li-ions. Sebopeho sa tsamaiso ea ho lekanyetsa se hlalositsoe ke ho arohana ha electrolytic KxAy ↔ x • K + + y • A- 'me e bonts'itse khanya ea Kd = [K +] x · [A-] y / [KxAy] kamehla.

E bonoa ho tsoa lihlahisoa tse ka holimo: limolek'hule tse sa arohaneng le tse ling, tse nyenyane ho ba teng kamehla le ho fapana le tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se sebetse ho li-electrolyte tse matla, kaha ho thehiloe hore ka ho eketsa mahloriso, Kd ha e eketse, empa e fokotseha. Sena se bakoa ke ho se fokotsehe ha palo ea limolek'hule tse senyehileng, empa ho eketseha ha ho khahloa ke likhahla tse nyenyane ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha sebaka se pakeng tsa bona ka lebaka la keketseho ea tharollo. Ka lebaka leo, bokhoni ba li-electrolyte tse matla ho senya li-ions li hakanngoa ke letšoao le joalo ka mokhoa o bonahalang oa ho arohana, 'me Kd ha e sebelisoe, kaha ha e na thuso. Bakeng sa tharollo ea electrolyte e fokolang ha ho utloahale ho sebelisa tekanyo ea ho arohana, hobane ka mahloriso a fokotsehang karolelano ea limolek'hule tse arohaneng ho fihlela palo eohle e eketseha pele ho bolaoa, empa ha e khetholle matla a electrolyte. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho ikarola ka har'a li-ions bo bontša khaello ea ho arohana, kaha e itšetlehile feela ka mocheso oa tharollo le mofuta oa sekhahla, ke hore Kd ke bohlokoa ba kamehla bakeng sa ntho e itseng KxAy.

Metsi a tloaelehileng (ho tsoa mohloling oa tlhaho kapa o phallang ho tsoa pampeng) ha a hloekile. Metsi a hloekileng a na le li-ions tsa hydronium [H3O + 1] le ion hydroxide [OH-1]. Li thehoa ho tsoa limolek'hule tse peli tsa metsi: H2O + H2O ↔ H3O + 1 + OH-1. Sena se etsahala ka seoelo, hobane metsi ha a khone ho fetoha li-ions, ho ba motlakase oa motlakase. Boemong ba ho lekana, likhahla tsa ion hydroxide le ion hydroxonium ke tsena: [H3O + 1] = [OH-1]. Tshebetso ena e ts'oanetse. Metsi a atisa ho ba teng e le motsoako oa limolek'hule, ione ea hydroxide le ioni ea hydronium, moo limolek'hule tsa metsi li leng teng 'me li-ion li teng feela. Kamehla khaello ea ho arohana ha metsi e hlahisoa ke equation: Kd = [H3O + 1] • [OH-1] / [H2O] • [H2O].

Ho arohana ha asidi ka tharollo ho bolela ho qhibiliha ho ea protons H + le masala a acid. Ho arohana ha li-acide polybasic ho hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'maloa (moo ho nang le sekhahla se le seng sa hydrogen se arohaneng), sethala ka seng se khetholloa ke boleng ba Kd. Karolong ea pele, ione ea hydrogen e arohanngoa habonolo ho feta mekhahlelo e latelang, kahoo ho fokotseha kamehla ho tloha sethaleng ho ea ho sethaleng. Kamehla ho arohana ha asidi Kd ke pontšo ea matla a acid: matla a acid a na le kd e phahameng ea Kd le ka tsela e ts'oanang. Ha tekano ea ts'ebetso ena e fihlile, tekanyo ea ho bola le tekanyo ea sebopeho sa limolek'hule li lekana. Bakeng sa lik'hemik'hale tse matla, melao ea lik'hemik'hale e ka sebelisoang (feela ka kabelo bakeng sa matla a kopanetsoeng a li-interion mo rarollo ea li-électrolyte tse matla) bakeng sa ho bala Kg mocheso oa 25 ° C. Bakeng sa hydrochloric acid (HCl), Kd = 10000000, hydrobromic (HBr) Kd = 1000000000, hydroiodic (HJ) Kd = 100000000000, sulfuric (H2SO4) Kd = 1000, nitric (HNO3) Kd = 43.6, acetic (CH3COOH) Kd = 0.00002, cyanoboric (HCN) Kd = 0.0000000008. Ho tseba matlotlo a li-acid le ho bapisa le litekanyetso tse fanoeng tsa Kd, ho ka pheha khang ea hore nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea ho khetholla ke ea holimo ho matla a acid.