Gothic

Gothic - mehla ea tsoelo-pele ea boholo-holo bonono European, e qalileng ka 1140 ho ile gorge-de-Fora (Paris le sebakeng potolohileng e) le ho tsoela pele ho fihlela mabapi le 1500-1550 lilemo, a le fa tsela e eang Renaissance. Sena se ka ho hlaka ho fetisisa o ile a bontša ka mehaho Gothic le khalase lifensetere qaphalletsoa, empa hape le litsoantso tse betliloeng, ho penta, murals, khantsitsoe ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

E mong oa disampole hlaheletseng ka ho fetisisa mokhoa oa ho ngola - Notre Dame Paris (Notre-Dame de Khao Paris).

Ha e le hantle, le mehaho ea mehleng eo e ne e le ka lebaka la bothata le boenjiniere. Tsela ea ho koahela bokaholimo le leholo le ile bophahamong phahameng ke lejoe le? Leha likereke tseo ho fetisisa ba pele ba Mehla e Bohareng ne siling koahetsoeng ka lehong, meaho ba bangata ba ne Lejoe seka-cylindrical vaults (potoloha khoro) kapa likhopo groin. Mabota ho ile ha etsoa hakaalo teteaneng haholo, a ka mamella Link tlhaselo, le lifensetere tse nyenyane - e 's likarolo neng li khetholla ka mokhoa Romanesque.

Gothic simolohile haholo-holo ka mehaho, le kaho 1130 ka Abbey Kereke ea St. Denis.

Thanks ho liteko tlhamosea Litsebi, ho qala ka 1110, e tla ho hasa leboteng (ka dikarolo), ho sebelisa ho feta "selefouno" thepa ea motheo ka mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa sebaka - ho etsa mohlala, o ile a bua arches, o ne a ka lehlakoreng le leng ho chitja lehlakoreng le ts'ehetsang tlaase hore ba lumella hore ba habonolo ikamahanya ho lifensetere tsa bophara fapaneng le bophahamo. Ho feta moo, tsamaiso ea ile ntshetswa Lejoe sete ya likhopo ho ea aba boima ba lenaneng la 'me le behe tlaase lefatšeng, lejoe arches ka e loketseng ho etswa bobebe le thinner.

Marako bulehileng behoa lifensetere kgolo. Ka 1170-ogy, e leng ea bohlokoa haholo, tse fofang buttresses qala ho bonahala (ntle kolanda kobomba khoro, mofuta oa buttresses), ka matla tse amanang le mehaho Gothic. Fofang buttresses tsamaiso e khopo e na le metsoako e 'meli senotlolo: a maholohali paatsepama le literata majoe (tšehetso) ho tswa ho ka ntle ho mohaho le segmental lefapha la khoro kapa felisa lekhalo pakeng tsa tšehetso le lerako.

Gothic setaele ho go arologana, ho ya ka linako tse tharo tsa motheo: mathoasong a lekholo (kapa French Gothic), ea hōlileng tsebong (kapa phahameng gotika), 'me hamorao, seo ho thoeng ke "o tukang" Gothic.

Lebitso "Gothic" (ho tloha ka lentsoe Setaliana "Gothic" - sa tloaelehang, barbarous) e ile ea fuoa setso ka mehla ea Renaissance meralo le theorist tsa bonono Dzhordzho Vazari. Kahoo, o ile a bolela hore khesa setaele, ho se bapisa le bonono ba boholo-holo. Ya e le hantle, ka matsatsi a kajeno tsa tekolo leeme la Vasari se motho ea e arotsoe, empa lebitso la e hantle e thehilweng, butle-butle naturalized, ho lahleheloa ke e overtone negative. Ka Renaissance, Gothic bonono o ne a bitsoa ho feta e le "mokhoa oa ho ngola Sejeremane" - tlhaloso, hape o ne a ena ke Vasari.

E lokela ho ile a hlokomela hore ka lebaka la mesebetsi wolfgagng goethe e nehetsoeng mehaho Sejeremane, ha e le hantle o ne a nkoa e le ya bonono naha, hammoho le linaheng tse ling tse ling. Sena se ile a bontša revaluation le kamohelo ya bonono mehleng e bohareng.

Le ho hōla ho ba le kholiseho Litsebi ka leboea ho Fora, 'me ka potlako ho pholletsa le Europe, gaisanwang ka e mosa ea peisong ea tlhōlo ea libaka tse phahameng. E mong le e behiloeng ea ho kereke e khōlō e ncha, e le busa, e lokela ho ba phahameng ho feta limithara tse seng kae, ho feta pele ho lona.

Bophahamo ba ka hare tsa kerekeng e khōlō ho mookameli oa ka maikutlo a Christian - le tšepo bakeng sa ka ho tloha thabile lefatšeng ba lefatšeng hore ba lefatše tsa leholimo.

mehaho Gothic e hlalosoa ka melao-motheo. Litsoantso tse betliloeng haholo tlamelloa ho eona, bonyane ka mekhahlelo ba pele. Ka mekhabisong ea likereke tsa kgolo, haholo-holo ho pota-portal ea, re tsoela pele ho etsa ka licymbala khōlō, empa ba potolohileng lokisetsa mela e liemahale.

E ikhethang boiphihlelo mehaho Amplified le ba ruileng silafalitsoeng khalase lifensetere, ka linako tse ling ho koahela ba bolelele kaofela ba mohaho ba bacha. Khabisitsoeng ka litšoantšo tse tsoang ka Bibeleng, lipale tsa bahalaleli, lipalo tsa baprofeta le personages tse ling tsa bolumeli, qaphalletsoa-khalase lifensetere e ne e le sepheo se ka sehloohong sa temoho ea kerekeng e khōlō ka pokellong ea tumelo ea Bokreste. Lekholong la sometharo, tšobotsi e tlamang ka ho fetisisa kerekeng e khōlō e moholohali window- "Rose", leo e ile boletsoeng e le setsi sa Molimo, Iisus Hristos, Moroetsana Maria pota-potiloe ke bokahohleng bo hlophisehileng bo.

Lilemong tsa bo-14 ka mor'a nako, ka tebello ea Renaissance, Gothic fumanweng makgetheng bang boipheliso. E mong oa baemeli ba moholo ka ho fetisisa ka nako ena ke Simone Martini.

Ho fetela ho nako 400 ea lilemo tsa Gothic phunyelletsa mefuta eohle ea bonono. Shamrocks, o ile a bua arches, tse ling tse mekhabiso meralo hlaha ka litsepe le, likepe ketekwa, mabitleng, liaparo tse matlafatsang tsa moea, diptych bohlokoa, hammoho le ya disebediswa tse kathoko boipheliso - thepa ea ka tlung, lijana.