Bimetallism - le ... Bimetallism: tlhaloso, litšobotsi tse le e thahasellisang lintlha tse

Bimetallism - tekanyetso ea chelete 'me tsamaisong ea chelete, e leng ho akarelletsa ho ho sebelisa tsoa hong tsa khauta le silevera. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea tsamaiso ea ka chelete. Pele - ea tšepe e tloaelehileng. E boetse e tluoa tabeng ea ho tse peli tse mefuta e. Ho bimetallism le monometallism. Ea bobeli - pampiri-mokitlane e tloaelehileng. Morao-rao tsamaiso e khopo ea chelete e sebetsa feela ho pono ea ho qetela. Empa kajeno re tla bua ka bimetallism ka histori tekanyetso pele ka chelete, mefokolo ea eona, ntshetsopele histori le litšobotsi tse linaheng tse sa tšoaneng.

tšobotsi

ke eng tsamaiso ea chelete? Bimetallism, monometallism 'me qetellong pampiri-mokitlane tekanyetso - tse tharo mekhahlelo ea histori ea ho iphetola ha lintho eona. Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, 'muso oa tsitsitseng boleng ba chelete ea tšepe ea bona khauta le silevera. Kahoo, tekanyo phapanyetsano ea lichelete tsa bona ka nako ena e tiisitsoe. Bimetallism e akarelletsa tšebeliso tsoa hong ea khauta le coinage silevera. Ha e le habeli tekanyetso ho na le se na lithibelo ka ho bōptjoa ha lichelete tsa tšepe, ha tlhahiso ea bona ea feedstock ka. Chelete ka ajoa ha ho tšehetsoa ke tšepe ea bohlokoa. Bothata e ka sehloohong ea ho sebedisa tsamaiso ena ke hore e mong le e State ho fumana hore na sekhahla phapanyetsano ya e lekanyelitsoeng khauta ho silevera. Ka hona, ho ka fapana haholo ho ea ka linaha ho e 'ngoe.

Ka 1865, ha a leka ho bōpa e le 'ngoe tsamaiso e khopo ea machaba bimetallic ile etsoa. Bakeng sa morero ona, Fora, Belgium, Italy le Switzerland li ne li kopane ka Latin Chelete Union. O thehile parity pakeng tsa tšepe tse peli. Leha ho le joalo, tsamaiso ea e ile ea nka lilemo tse 'maloa feela, e le hore e se e amanang le maqiti ka chelete ea Italy le Greece,' me e French-Sejeremane ntoa ea 1870-1871.

Ka 1867-go th ho tšoareloang liboka machaba e neng e tšoaretsoe Paris, moo ba bangata ba baemeli ba kgethilego bakeng sa molao-motheo khauta, ke hore, monometallism. Haufinyane ho kena tsamaiso le ba bang kaofela, hobane ka ka go ikatisetsa utloisisa seo bimetallism le life go tlhoka mesola la ntlha la oona. Foromo tsitsitseng ka ho fetisisa e ne e le tsamaiso e nang le chelete e tšoanang le eo, empa ho ne ho se ho atile. Ho ea fihla bimetallism feletseng, ka nako eo nako e 'o ile a fetoha se felloe ke nako. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore e tsitsitseng semmuso phapanyetsano sekhahla ha bontša boemo bo ka 'marakeng.

Features

Kahoo, e latelang litšobotsi tse motheo tsa melao-motheo ea:

• Mesebetsi ya tjhelete phetha tšepe tse peli. Hangata ka ho fetisisa e le khauta le silevera.
• Lichelete tsa tšepe tse entsoeng ka lirafshoa tseo ka bobeli.
• Free parity pakeng tsa khauta le silevera.
• Ajoa lichelete tsa tšepe tsa tšepe bobeli le hlaha ka nako 'me ka e tšoanang.
• Theko ea thepa e behiloe ka khauta le ka silevera.

Abelwang karolo ya mefuta eno ya bimetallism:

• Feletseng. La hae la bobeli lebitso la - "kopanetsoe buseletsoe tsamaiso e khopo." Feletseng bimetallism ile ajoang nakong e fetileng. E ne e le mofuta o hae ho khetheha motheong oa tlhaloso e tloaelehileng ea tsamaiso ka kakaretso. mefuta e meng eohle ea qhelela ka thōko 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa lona.
• E tšoanang.
• A leeme. E boetse e bitsoa tsamaiso "ea holofetseng" chelete.

Ho tloaelehile hore ho mefuta eohle ea bimetallism ke taba ea hore ke ka ajoa e le chelete ea tšepe ea khauta, 'me chelete ea silevera.

bimetallism feletseng

Kahoo bimetallism - tsamaiso ea chelete eo e tšoauoa ka lintho tse latelang:

• Molao bonolo tsena joaloka khauta le silevera lichelete tsa tšepe. Theko ea thepa e 'ngoe e thehilwe tšepe ka bobeli.
• The coinage ea ba khauta le silevera e le se nang le e feletseng.
• State (naheng ea Union) e thehilweng parity pakeng tsa tšepe le.

Ka lebaka leo, ho bimetallism le teng United States. Ka 1792, ho ne ho e karo-karolelano tsepamisitsoeng tsa khauta ho ba le silevera - 1 ho 15. Parity fetohile makhetlo a 'maloa pele ho qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ha tekanyetso ea US e ile ea fetoha. Feletseng bimetallism e ne e tloaelehileng bakeng sa Fora. Qalong naha e ile ea thehoa parity tsa khauta ho ba le silevera - 1 ho 15,5. Leha ho le joalo, ka nako eo fetohile makhetlo a 'maloa, empa a sa ntse a ka se khema le liphetoho' marakeng. Ka 1874 bato, minting ea lichelete tsa tšepe, silevera e ile ile a khaotsa ho ka har'a naha. chelete kopanetsoe tsamaiso e khopo e phela halelele ho feta ka boeona. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore e mong displaces tšepe ba bang ka linako tsohle ho sa parity tsitsitseng. Haeba theko khauta e hlaha, batho ba molemo lefa ka silevera. Sena se etsa hore 'nete ea hore' marakeng qala tšubuhlellano ea ea bobeli, a bitsa e le depreciation le ho feta. Ka tsela e tšoanang etsahala le ho eketseha ha theko tsa silevera. Feela tabeng ena, 'marakeng o sebaka depreciating khauta tatela.

mosing 'ngoe ea joalo tsamaiso e amanang le phello ea Molao Gresham e. Ha nako e ntse, kalafo e ba ho feta nepolnovesnyh chelete. Sena se etsahala ka lebaka la ha e le hantle hore ka nako e mathata lichelete boemo ke bobebe ho fokotsa palo ea tšepe ea bohlokoa ka lichelete tsa tšepe, ha ho boloka boleng ba bona pejana ka lebitso. Liphello tsa bomenemene joalo ke ho eketseha ha litheko le ho eketseha ka sekhahla chelete.

e tšoanang le bimetallism

Ke tsamaiso ea ka eo:

• Coinage tsa tšepe bobeli ke lokolohile 'me ha ho moedi.
• mmuso ha beha tekanyo ea khauta mabapi le silevera.
• Lichelete tsa tšepe tsa bobeli lirafshoa tsena ka ajoa.

e tšoanang le tsamaiso ea oona chelete e ne e le ka tlaase ho moo li neng li atile ho feta bimetallism feletseng. Ho e-ba teng linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe ka bophirimela ho 15-17 lilemo tse makholo, th. Hamorao, kaofela ha eona e se e ile a hana ho Hannover. Mona, ho ile ea nka ho fihlela 1857.

e tšoanang le tsamaiso ea oona chelete felisa ba bang ba go tlhoka mesola ya bimetallism foromo e tletseng. Ho haella ha parity ka thata pakeng tsa khauta le silevera lichelete tsa tšepe lumella bobeli bolokolohi potoloha 'me ba kopanela le joalo' marakeng. Leha ho le joalo, ba ka sehloohong drawback le hona molao-motheo ena e ho hlokahala hore ho momahanya bohle theko ka bobeli tšepe. Ka linako tse ling boemo ba delimits pharalla ya tshebediso tsa khauta le silevera. Ka mohlala, pele e ne e sebelisetsoa ditransekshene machaba, 'me ea bobeli -' marakeng ruuoang.

System "holofetseng" chelete

Sena se tekanyetso chelete e tšoauoa ka lintho tse latelang:

• State molao theha karo-karolelano pakeng tsa tšepe tse peli.
• Lichelete tsa tšepe tsa khauta le silevera ka bobeli e ikhethang.
• Leha ho le joalo mahala coinage ke a utloahalang feela e 'ngoe ea tšepe ka.

Ka melao-motheo ena, tekanyetso e se e hahiloe, e ipatileng Latin selekane pakeng tsa Fora, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland le Greece. Qetellong, Leha ho le joalo, ho ba le bothata ba ho ba le silevera tse hlano Franc chelete ea tšepe. Butle-butle, lefatše lohle le tla ho monometallism. Kajeno Leha ho le joalo, khauta e ha e sa ho phetha mesebetsi ea chelete. Morao-rao tsamaiso e khopo ea chelete ke pampiri-mokitlane.

and analysis a moruo

Ka bo-1990 ba pele, ho ithuta ba tsamaiso ena e sebelitse tsebahalang nkita Milton Friedman. O etsa qeto ea hore bimetallism - sesosa sa theko volatility ka US ka 1873. Ho latela Friedman, tsamaiso ena e tlisa tšenyo e nako e telele ho moruo US. O ne a lumela hore bimetallism - ke phoso e khōlō e ileng ea fella ka liphello tse bohloko ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa US.

Argentina

Ka 1881 le liphetoho chelete o ile a qala ka har'a naha. Ho tloha ka July 1883rd kena lebotho la bimetallic e tloaelehileng. Boipiletso hlaha khauta le silevera pesos. Pampiri chelete ile ile ba bapisa ho bona. Coinage Argentina amehang dibanka tse hlano. molao-motheo ona o e-ba teng naheng likhoeli 17 feela. Ka December 1884 e le mabopong a ba qala ho hana ho fapanyetsana banknotes tsa khauta ka lebelo e tsitsitseng.

Fora

Ka 1803 molao e ile fetile naheng eo, ho ea ka tseo Franc e ka ba fanana tsa dikgerama 5 tsa silevera. Thoko mounted le tekanyo ea khauta. A kilogerama tsa tšepe e ne e bohlokoa ho 3.100 franc.

UK,

Bimetallism ile pharaletseng sebelisoa ka mehleng e bohareng Engelane. Leha ho le joalo, ho coinage tsa silevera tse thibetsoeng qalong ea lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ha naha e ne e hlahiswa khauta e tloaelehileng. Leha ho le joalo, ka lilemo tse ngata, batšehetsi ba bimetallism rata khutla hae, haholo-holo linakong tsa maqakabetsi.

United States of America

Molao wa Motheo US e tsitsitseng le khauta le silevera e le e bonolo ea molao le reiti phaphametseng. Leha ho le joalo, ka 1792, Mongoli oa polokelo ea matlotlo Alexander Hamilton sisintsweng ho lokisa karo-karolelano ea silevera ho khauta e 15 ho 1. The liphetoho e lekanang li ne li entsoe ho molao wa. Ka 1834, tse seng kae tsa silevera tse depreciated, 'me e ne e se tse sa fetoheng tekanyo ea 16 ho 1. Ka mor'a ho amohelwa oa Molao ka minting ka 1873 ho US hoo e ka bang a khaotsa ho sebelisa ena maemo a, empa ka molao e ile ea felisoa ka ho mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 lekholong la lilemo la. Ho ea ka nkita tummeng Milton Friedman, bimetallism etsa tšenyo e khōlō ho United States.