Amino acid e sebopeho. Tlhaloso le tlhophiso ea-amino acid

Har'a mefuta e fapaneng ea tonanahali ea dintho tsa tlhaho-amino acid na sebaka se khethehileng. Ke ka lebaka la ho bohlokoa ba 'ona e ikhethang ka bobedi ka ea baeloji' me k'hemistri manyolo. 'Nete ke hore ho tloha-amino acid bopilwe limolek'hule le bonolo le le e rarahaneng ea lihaha-'mele, eo ke motheo oa e mong le e mokgwa wa bophelo Lefatšeng. Ke ka lebaka lena re saense ha e ela hloko ka ho teba ka ho ithuta litaba tse kang mohaho amino acid e, thepa, tlhahiso le ho sebelisoa. boleng kgolo ya metsoako tsena ka meriana, moo ba ileng ba li sebelisa e le litokisetso moriana. Bakeng sa batho ba ba ka ho teba kopanela bophelo ba bona 'me u tsamaise ka tsela e le mafolo-folo a bophelo, monomers protheine ke mofuta o mong oa lijo (ho thoeng lipapali phepo e nepahetseng). Tse ling tsa mefuta e sa sebelisoa ka k'hemistri manyolo a maiketsetso a ka feedstock ka tlhahisong ea likhole tse iketselitsoeng - enanth le la nylon. Joalokaha u ka bona, e amino acid e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ka bobeli ke lintho tsa tlhaho le ka mokhatlo oa batho, kahoo sheba bona ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

Features ya sebopeho ya-amino acid

Metsoako tsa sehlopha sena ke amphoteric manyolo dintho, ke hore, ba le lihlopha tse peli tsa tshebetso, 'me ka hona bontša thepa e kopanetsoeng. Ka ho khetheha, ka limolek'hule tse teng hydrocarbyl radicals khomaretse le NH ₂ amino lihlopha le lihlopha carboxylic COOH. The lik'hemik'hale le lintho tse ling hore a sebetse e le e le setsi amino acid e, kamoo acid e. Isomers tsa metsoako joalo e bontšoa ka lebaka la phetoho kapa phetolo tlhaloganya sebaka sa carbon masapo, kapa amino boemo ba, le tlhophiso ea-amino acid ikemiselitse thehiloeng ho likarolo mehaho le thepa ea hydrocarbon khōlō. Ho ka nka sebōpeho sa ketane otlolohile kapa se makala a le na le mehaho e cyclic.

Optical mosebetsi aminocarboxylic acid

All monomers tsa polypeptides le 20 mefuta bona joale ka 'mele oa limela, liphoofolo le batho, ke L-amino acid. Boholo ba bona ba na le e sa karolelano k'habone athomo, ho retelehela ha le manakana a potolohang ka polarized khanya toloki ho le letšehali. Tse pedi monomer isoleucine le threonine - na tse peli liathomo joalo k'habone le asiti aminoacetic (glycine) - le ea mong. amino mosebetsi Optical classifications ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka Biochemistry le baeloji ea limolek'hule tse ithutoang tsa tshebetso ya ho phetolelo ka protheine biosynthesis. Ho thahasellisang ke hore D-foromo amino acid mohla karolo ea liketane le polypeptide liprotheine, empa ke le teng ka ba lera la baktheria le lihlahisoa tshilong ya dijo ea li-fungus, actinomycetes, ke hore, ha e le hantle, ba ile ba fumanoa ka lithibela-mafu tsa tlhaho tse kang gramicidin. Ka Biochemistry tsebahala ntho le D-foromo sebopeho tlhaloganya sebaka joaloka citrulline, homoserine, ornithine, ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho liphetoho a metabolism seleng.

zwitterions ke eng?

Hape, monomers hore lihaha-'mele li entsoe ka lihlopha tsa tshebetso tse amines le acid carboxylic. Likaroloana -NH ₂ le COOH sebelisana hammoho ka har'a molek'hule e, e leng e etsa hore le letsoai le ka hare, ba bitselitsoeng ho ferekanyang Ion (zwitterion). Sena se hlalosa hore na sebopeho hare ea acid e amino la bokhoni ba bona ba phahameng ho kopana le solvents Polar, tse kang metsi. Ho ba teng ha likaroloana qosoa ka tharollo e etsa hore conductivity bona.

acid eng α-amino

Ha amino sehlopha ka molek'hule e ka pele har'a carbon athomo, bala ho tloha carboxyl sebaka sebakeng, acid e joalo amino ke oa sehlopha sa acid α-amino. Ba lula sebakeng se etellang pele ka bo bitsa, hobane ho tloha monomers tsena eaba o haha tsohle limolek'hule protheine biologically mafolofolo, mohlala, tse kang enzyme, haemoglobin, actin, collagen le tse ling. D. The sebōpeho sa sehlopha sa ena ea-amino acid ka ho nkoa ka mohlala glycine, e tšoanang eo ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka ikwetlisetse neurologic ka ho lokisetsa thobang bakeng sa kalafo ea mefuta bonolo ba ho tepella maikutlo 'me neurasthenia.

lebitso la machaba la acid e ena amino - α-glycine, ho e na le Optical L-shape le ke proteinogenic, e amehang mosebetsing oa ho fetolela le ho ke karolo ea macromolecules protheine.

Liprotheine le karolo ea bona ea metabolism tsa monomers

Ho ke ke ha khoneha ho nahana ea ka tšebetso e tloaelehileng ea phelang ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho akarelletsa le motho, ntle le li-hormone, e bopilweng ka limolek'hule protheine. Sebōpeho sa lik'hemik'hale amino acid le ka har'a bona, e tiisa bao e leng ba bona ba ho lintho tse α ena. Mohlala, triiodothyronine le thyroxine hlahisoang ke ho thyroid tsoelesa e. Ba laola metabolism le ka lisele tsa eona li tsa maiketsetso tloha acid e tyrosine α-amino. The liprotheine le bonolo le le rarahaneng li fumanoa e le monomers 20 kgolo le derivatives bona. The prothrombin, eo o laola mali coagulation, se teng carboxyglutamic acid e ka myosin (mesifa protheine) lemoha methyllysine, ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale peroxidase - selenocysteine.

Phepo e nepahetseng boleng ba liprotheine le monomers bona

Ho nahana ka sebōpeho sa-amino acid le tlhophiso ea bona, e tla tsepamisa maikutlo gradation e thehiloeng bokhoni kapa ho sitoa tsa monomers protheine tsa maiketsetso ka liseleng. Alanine, proline, tyrosine le metsoako e meng ea thehoa ka itšoara joang ea phapanyetsano polasetiki, le tryptophan, 'me tse ling tse acid tse supileng amino lokela ho kena' mele ea rōna feela le lijo.

pontshi mong oa lijo tse nepahetseng le e leka-lekaneng ke boemo ba noang batho lijo tse nang le protheine. E lokela ho ba bonyane karolo ea bone ea chelete kakaretso ea lijo amohetsweng ke 'mele oa ka letsatsi. Ke habohlokoa haholo hore lihaha-'mele tse sebopeho valine lona, isoleucine, 'me tse ling tsa bohlokwa amino acid. Tabeng ena, liprotheine tse bitsoang e feletseng. Ba kena 'mele oa motho ho tswa dijo dimela, kapa lijo tse nang le li-fungus.

Monomers maphelong a bona liprotheine bohlokwa ke ke tsa maiketsetso liseleng mammalian. Ha re nahana ka sebōpeho sa limolek'hule tsa amino acid, e leng ba bohlokoa haholo, re ka bona hore ba e matleng a hae ho litlelase fapaneng. Ho joalo, valine le leucine ke aliphatic letoto la lihlooho tse, tryptophan - ho nkhang hamonate amino acid le threonine - ho hydroxyamino ka.